精益生产哲理的应用探讨（上）

本文简要介绍了精益生产的目标和特征。它是在Ｆｏｒｄ汽车公司组织流水线大量生产的基础上所发展的新型制造技术及生产组织方式，开创出更为先进的产品质量、生产效率以及经济效益。上海大众发动机厂就是采用精益生产的哲理，从文中的１２个方面加以实现。本刊分两期全文转载这篇文章给读者。精益生产对于机电工业来说，就是要求提供能生产出零不良品、零故障和零误期的设备，即在设备的生产精度上稳定地达到产品技术条件上允差值的     

空间DSP加载系统可靠性设计

在空间环境中,长时间运行的空间飞行器信息处理系统存储器容易发生单粒子翻转现象(SEU),而单粒子翻转现象是导致空间飞行器失效的主要原因之一。基于此,通过分析SEU现象对不同类型存储器的影响,阐述SEU现象对加载可靠性的影响。通过重新设计加载系统结构,并引入三模冗余、检纠错编码和定时刷新FLASH存储器的方法,降低系统加载时由于SEU而失败的概率,提高系统加载运行的可靠性。     

基于IAS2.1的太平湾发电厂计算机监控系统开发

本文简要地介绍了基于Industrial Application Server 2.1（IAS2.1）系统完成太平湾发电厂计算机监控系统改造的情况。重点在以下几个方面：太平湾发电厂的环境条件分析;目前主流计算机监控系统的应用现状和技术状态分析;对应用于太平湾发电厂监控项目的工业自动化平台软件的技术需求的分析;结合IAS2.1的主要技术特点论证了该平台软件的可行性;提供了将IAS 2.1应用于水电厂综合监控的典型实例,从系统结构、主机配置、网络设计、IAS 2.1角色分配、主备式数据引擎设计等主要方面作了突出说明,有助于了解基于IAS 2.1的水电厂计算机监控系统的技术特色;对实例的实际效果和应用情况进行了总结和提炼。     

Team situation assessment and information distribution

Described is the cooperative work of constructing team situation awareness within two teams of a military command and control unit. Specifically discussed is how the distributed cognitive and cooperative work of decision-making of the two teams is structured. The situation enabled two different ways of distributing information within the team: one serial and one parallel. One team chose the parallel information transfer, the other the serial one. Discussed is the interaction patterns that emerge in the respective teams and their consequences for situation assessment and situation awareness. The differences are then discussed in terms of means of sharing information. Some hypotheses for future research are also offered.     

Metals in organic and conventional wheat flours determined by an optimised and validated ICP‐MS method

This study was undertaken (i) to optimise and validate a suitable method for multi‐element determination in cereal products and (ii) to evaluate multi‐element content differences in commercially available conventional vs. organic wheat flours. Presented ICP‐MS method is simple and accurate for the determination of eighteen elements in cereal food. Obtained results show differences in metal content between conventional and organic wheat flours and confirm that both types of production are well within the toxicological safety limits regarding the metal contents. The significant differences among conventional vs. organic wheat flours were obtained for As, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mo, Ni and V. Toxic metals (Al, As, Cd and Pb) input was higher in conventional compared with organic wheat flours. However, further and long‐term research is needed to clearly underline the effects of organic agricultural practice on the quality of food products.     

Note To The Mixed-Type Splitting Iterative Method For The Positive Real Linear System

In [5] a new iterative method is given for the linear system of equations Au=b , where A is large, sparse and nonsymmetrical and A^{\rm T}+A is symmetric and positive definite (SPD) or equivalently A is positive real. The new iterative method is based on a mixed-type splitting of the matrix A and is called the mixed-type splitting iterative method. The iterative method contains an auxiliary matrix D_1 that is restricted to be symmetric. In this note, the auxiliary matrix is allowed to be more general and it is shown that by proper choice of D 1 , the new iterative method is still convergent. It is also shown that by special choice of D_{1} , the new iterative method becomes the well-known (point) accelerated overrelaxation (AOR) [1] method. Hence, it is shown that the (point) AOR method applied to the positive real system is convergent under the proper choice of the overrelaxation parameters y and .     

A case study in the mechanical verification of fault tolerance

To date, there is little evidence that modular reasoning about fault-tolerant systems can simplify the verification process in practice. This question is studied using a prominent example from the fault tolerance literature: the problem of reliable broadcast in point-to-point networks subject to crash failures of processes. The experiences from this case study show how modular specification techniques and rigorous proof re-use can indeed help in such undertakings.     

Further studies of shoulder and neck pain and exposures in customer service work with low biomechanical demands

The aim of the study was to establish insight into work exposures that cause shoulder and neck pain among occupational groups that have low biomechanical exposure and experience work stress from client/customer contact, among other exposures. Four occupational groups were studied, in health care (n = 20), retail (n = 22), banking (n = 26), and university secretaries (n = 26), a total of 94 volunteers. Thirty-nine were classified as pain-afflicted in the shoulder and neck, while 55 were pain-free. The subjects' perceptions of biomechanical and psychosocial exposures were established by use of quantitative questionnaires and by explorative interviews with open-ended questions, covering the same themes. Heart rate and trapezius EMG were recorded over a full workday and the following leisure period. Trapezius median and static activity during work were 3.3% and 0.3% EMG_max, only marginally higher than trapezius activity in the leisure period (2.7% and 0.2% EMG_max). The quantitative questionnaire did not identify any variable that correlated with shoulder and neck pain except perceived general tension. The interviews established that the interaction with clients or customers was an important source of work stress. Such stress appeared to be a complex entity not easily characterized by established psychosocial questionnaires. The physiological variables were at most weakly elevated in periods with high stress as compared to periods with low stress. The authors caution against relying on standardized quantitative questionnaires and/or physiological recordings to characterize work stress in occupations with emotional stress through client/customer service work.     

Normal horizontal working area: the concept of inner boundary

A model was developed to determine the inner boundary of the normal horizontal working area based on the concept that the elbow and forearm-hand should move on the table surface while describing the area. The proposed model was applied to determine the normal horizontal working areas for the 5th percentile female and 95th percentile male. It was shown that the conventional models that had disregarded the concept of the inner boundary overestimated the area on the average by 26%. The proposed model is more realistic and accurate than the conventional models.     

Measurement of Bulk Mechanical Properties and Modeling the Load-Response of Rootzone Sands. Part 1: Round and Angular Monosize and Binary Mixtures

The bulk mechanical properties of two different types of rootzone sands (round and angular) were measured using a cubical triaxial tester. Two monosize sands (d 50 = 0.375 mm and 0.675 mm) and their 50:50 binary mixtures (d 50 = 0.500 mm) were studied. The compression, shear, and failure responses of the above-mentioned six compositions were analyzed, compared, and modeled. Two elastic parameters (bulk and shear moduli) and two elastoplastic parameters (swelling and consolidation indices) of the six sand compositions were also calculated and compared. The angular sand was more compressible than round sand during isotropic compression. In addition, the angular sands tended to have lower initial bulk density and high porosity values. Among the three different size fractions, the 0.375 mm mixture was least compressible for both sand shapes. The failure strength and shear modulus of the angular sand were higher than the round sands. In addition, due to their simplicity, phenomenological models were developed to predict the compression and shear behavior of the sands. The prediction models were validated using subangular and subround sands. Average relative difference values were calculated to determine the effectiveness of the prediction models. The mean average relative difference values for compression profiles, i.e., volumetric stress vs. volumetric strain, were from 16 % to 39 %, except for the initial load-response portion (< 1 % volumetric strain). The predictive models were effective in reproducing the failure responses: at 17.2 kPa confining pressure, the mean of average relative difference was 23 %; at 34.5 kPa , the mean difference was 24 %.