乳酸片球菌与马克斯克鲁维酵母混合附属发酵剂对切达干酪品质的影响

2 种或多种微生物组成的混合辅助附属发酵剂对干酪品质的影响优于单菌株。本研究旨在评价添加混合益生菌附属发酵剂对切达干酪在90 d成熟过程中的理化指标、质构特性、游离氨基酸、短链脂肪酸含量和微生物存活的影响。将乳酸片球菌AS185和马克斯克鲁维酵母JM2单独或混合添加制备切达干酪;以市售的商品发酵剂作为对照。结果表明;添加混合附属发酵剂不影响切达干酪的化学成分;但混合附属发酵剂干酪的pH值高于对照干酪。在成熟90 d后;乳酸片球菌AS185和马克斯克鲁维酵母JM2在混合附属发酵剂干酪中的存活率高于单独附属发酵剂组。在成熟过程中;附属发酵剂对干酪的质构特性无明显影响。混合附属发酵剂干酪中一些氨基酸及总游离氨基酸含量均有所增加。添加乳酸片球菌AS185和马克斯克鲁维酵母JM2作为附属发酵剂的干酪短链脂肪酸含量更高;尤其是乙酸和丁酸。上述结果为混合附属培养在干酪生产中的应用提供了基础数据;混合附属发酵剂更有助于丰富干酪风味和改善质地。     

藏灵菇胞外多糖的理化性质及其在切达干酪中的应用

藏灵菇KW1在SDM培养基、37 ℃条件下发酵产胞外多糖（exopolysaccharide,EPS）达624.82?mg/L,经分离纯化及单糖分析测定,明确此多糖由鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖组成,相对物质的量比1∶3.02∶2.12∶1.59∶3.04。红外光谱结果显示该EPS表现出典型的多糖吸收峰模式;扫描电镜显示,藏灵菇KW1?EPS微观结构中分布着许多球形结构和片状结构,且表面比较光滑;原子力显微观察表明,EPS具有一定聚集现象,呈现出膜状、簇状结构。将藏灵菇KW1?EPS应用于发酵剂菌株培养以及切达干酪制作中,结果表明EPS对发酵剂菌株生长有促进作用,并且随着添加量的增加,这种作用先增强后减弱。同时EPS的加入能提高干酪得率、持水能力以及成熟期间的活菌数。采用气相色谱-质谱联用从干酪中检测出69?种挥发性物质,香气活性值显示共有17?种风味物质对EPS干酪整体风味有贡献,其中丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯是关键性风味物质。本研究可为藏灵菇EPS在发酵乳制品中的应用提供一定技术参考。     

Effect of trisodium citrate concentration and cooking time on the physicochemical properties of pasteurized process cheese

The effects of the concentration of trisodium citrate (TSC) emulsifying salt (0.25 to 2.75%) and holding time (0 to 20 min) on the textural, rheological, and microstructural properties of pasteurized process Cheddar cheese were studied using a central composite rotatable design. The loss tangent parameter (from small amplitude oscillatory rheology), extent of flow (derived from the University of Wisconsin Meltprofiler), and melt area (from the Schreiber test) all indicated that the meltability of process cheese decreased with increased concentration of TSC and that holding time led to a slight reduction in meltability. Hardness increased as the concentration of TSC increased. Fluorescence micrographs indicated that the size of fat droplets decreased with an increase in the concentration of TSC and with longer holding times. Acid-base titration curves indicated that the buffering peak at pH 4.8, which is due to residual colloidal calcium phosphate, decreased as the concentration of TSC increased. The soluble phosphate content increased as concentration of TSC increased. However, the insoluble Ca decreased with increasing concentration of TSC. The results of this study suggest that TSC chelated Ca from colloidal calcium phosphate and dispersed casein; the citrate-Ca complex remained trapped within the process cheese matrix. Increasing the concentration of TSC helped to improve fat emulsification and casein dispersion during cooking, both of which probably helped to reinforce the structure of process cheese.     

Cheese pH, protein concentration, and formation of calcium lactate crystals

The occurrence of calcium lactate crystals (CLC) in hard cheeses is a continual expense to the cheese industry, as consumers fail to purchase cheeses with this quality defect. This research investigates the effects of the protein concentration of cheese milk and the pH of cheese on the occurrence of CLC. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to determine total and soluble calcium concentrations in skim milk (SM1, 8.7% total solids), and skim milk supplemented with nonfat dry milk (CSM1, 13.5% total solids). Calcium, phosphorus, lactic acid, and citrate were determined in cheeses made with skim milk (SM2, 3.14% protein), skim milk supplemented with ultrafiltered milk (CSM2, 6.80% protein), and nonfat dry milk (CSM3, 6.80% protein). Supplementation with nonfat dry milk increased the initial total calcium in CSM1 (210 mg/100 g of milk) by 52% compared with the total calcium in SM1 (138 mg/100 g of milk). At pH 5.4, soluble calcium concentrations in CSM1 were 68% greater than soluble calcium in SM1. In cheeses made from CSM2 and CSM3, total calcium was 26% greater than in cheeses made from SM2. As the pH of cheeses made from SM2 decreased from 5.4 to 5.1, the concentration of soluble calcium increased by 61.6%. In cheeses made from CSM2 and CSM3, the concentrations of soluble calcium increased by 41.4 and 45.5%, respectively. Calcium lactate crystals were observed in cheeses made from SM2 at and below pH 5.1, whereas CLC were observed in cheeses from CSM2 and CSM3 at and below pH 5.3. The increased presence of soluble calcium can potentially cause CLC to occur in cheese manufactured with increased concentrations of milk solids, particularly at and below pH 5.1.     

Chemical changes that predispose smoked Cheddar cheese to calcium lactate crystallization

We have observed a high incidence of calcium lactate surface crystals on naturally smoked Cheddar cheese in the retail marketplace. The objective of this study was to identify chemical changes that may occur during natural smoking that render Cheddar cheese more susceptible to calcium lactate crystal formation. Nine random-weight (approximately 300 g) retail-packaged samples of smoked Cheddar cheese were obtained from a commercial manufacturer immediately after the samples were smoked for about 6 h at 20°C in a commercial smokehouse. Three similarly sized samples that originated from the same 19.1-kg block of cheese and that were not smoked were also obtained. Within 2 d after smoking, 3 smoked and 3 control (not smoked) samples were sectioned into 5 subsamples at different depths representing 0 to 2, 2 to 4, 4 to 6, 6 to 8, and 8 to 10 mm from the cheese surface. Six additional smoked cheese samples were similarly sectioned at 4 wk and again at 10 wk of storage at 5°C. Sample sections were analyzed for moisture, l(+) and d(−) lactate, pH, and water-soluble calcium. The effects of treatment (smoked, control), depth from cheese surface, and their interactions were analyzed by ANOVA according to a repeated measures design with 2 within-subject variables. Smoked samples contained signficantly lower moisture and lower pH, and higher total lactate-in-moisture (TLIM) and water-soluble calcium-in-moisture (WSCIM) than control cheeses. Smoked samples also contained significant gradients of moisture, pH, TLIM, and WSCIM, with lower moisture and pH, and higher TLIM and WSCIM, occurring at the cheese surface. Gradients of moisture were still present in smoked samples at 4 and 10 wk of storage. In contrast, the pH, TLIM, and WSCIM equilibrated and showed no gradients at 4 and 10 wk. The results indicate that calcium and lactate in the serum phase of the cheese were elevated because of smoking, especially at the cheese surface immediately after smoking treatment, which presumably predisposes the smoked cheeses to increased susceptibility to calcium lactate surface crystallization.     

Factors affecting solubility of calcium lactate in aqueous solutions

Calcium lactate (CaL2) crystal formation on the surface of cheese continues to be a widespread problem for the cheese industry despite decades of research. To prevent those crystals from forming, it is necessary to keep the concentration of CaL2 below saturation level. The limited data available on the solubility of CaL2 at conditions appropriate for the storage of cheese are often conflicting. In this work, the solubility of L(+)-CaL2 in water was evaluated at 4, 10, and 24 degrees C, and the effects of salt and pH at those temperatures were investigated. The effects of additional calcium and lactate ions on solubility also were studied. The results suggested that temperature and the concentration of lactate ions are the main factors influencing the solubility of CaL2, with the other parameters having limited effect.