Functionalisation of commercial chicken soup with enriched polyphenol extract from vegetable by-products

Ready-to-eat foods such as soups are in great demand by consumers, owing to the changes in lifestyle over the last half-century. In this context, the addition of new health-promoting active ingredients such as polyphenols could represent an important way to increase the intake of these compounds. Three different by-products from artichoke, lettuce and cauliflower handling and commercialisation have been use to obtain enriched polyphenol extract using a water extraction protocol. The artichoke by-products extract was composed of caffeic acid derivatives while the lettuce and the cauliflower by-products extract were composed of both caffeic acid derivatives and flavonols. The amounts of these compounds were evaluated with HPLC-DAD; it transpired that the artichoke by-products extract had the highest levels of polyphenols (100 mg of polyphenols/g of dry extract), followed by lettuce by-products extract (46 mg of polyphenols/g of dry extract) and cauliflower by-products extract (34 mg of polyphenols/g of dry extract). A sensory panel with four trained judges evaluated the addition of different amounts of extracts. Both artichoke and lettuce by-products extract could be added to the soup to a maximum amount of 10 mg of extract/mL of soup and cauliflower with 5 mg of extract/mL of soup, while still improving the grade of acceptability of the soup with respect to the original soup. In addition, antioxidant capacity was evaluated as free radical scavenging activity (ABTS^·+ assay) and the ability to reduce the 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ)-Fe(III) complex to TPTZ-Fe(II) (FRAP assay). The antioxidative capacity increased with addition of the extracts between 3.5 times and 13 times (ABTS^·+ assay) as well as between 23 times and 85 times (FRAP assay). The results obtained indicate that these by-products could provide the extracts with antioxidant phenolics that could be used to functionalise foods. Obviously, before incorporating these by-product extracts as dietary complements, it is necessary to carry out further studies about their toxicity (i.e. possible residual presence of pesticides), in vivo activity, and bioavailability.     

添加食盐对鸡骨汤中营养物质的迁移影响及微纳米颗粒的稳定性和抗氧化活性研究

目的 研究食盐添加方式对鸡骨汤中营养物质的迁移以及熬煮时间对微纳米颗粒（micro-nano particles,MNPs）的稳定性及其抗氧化活性的影响。方法 通过紫外分光光度计测定鸡骨汤中的蛋白质含量、总糖含量、总脂含量和游离氨基酸含量;利用显微镜观察MNPs的形态变化;采用纳米粒度电位仪测定MNPs的平均粒径、ζ-电位及多分散系数（polydipersity index,PDI）;通过体外自由基清除能力及总还原力评价抗氧化活性。结果 在0 min时添加3%的食盐,鸡骨汤中蛋白质、总糖、总脂和游离氨基酸的含量最高,MNPs在0~240 min内呈现先融合成大颗粒后分离成小颗粒形态变化,且在熬煮时间为240 min时鸡骨汤中MNPs的平均粒径、ζ-电位绝对值及PDI最小,随着熬煮时间的延长鸡骨汤的抗氧化活性增强。结论 添加食盐对鸡骨汤中蛋白质等营养物质的迁移具有促进作用,在0 min添加3%的食盐的鸡骨汤营养价值好,且随着熬煮时间的延长,鸡骨汤中的MNPs形成了相对稳定的体系,并具有较强的抗氧化活性。     

Effect of marinating time and low pH on marinade performance and sensory acceptability of poultry meat

The effects of marinating time (30, 60, 120 and 180 min) and acidic marinade pH (3.0, 3.2, 3.4, 3.6, 3.8, 4.0 and 4.2) on the instrumental and sensory properties of cooked Chinese-style marinated chicken were investigated. With increasing marinating time up to 180 min, a significant (P < 0.05) increase in surface redness (a∗ value) and the dark pink sensory attribute was observed, along with a corresponding decrease in lightness (L∗ value) and colour penetration. Increased marinating times of 120–180 min were found to produce more acceptable end products with increased scores for colour, aroma and flavour attributes. Marinade uptake was greater at higher marinade pH levels of 3.8, 4.0 and 4.2, with the highest marinade uptake (3.34%) recorded at pH 4.0. As changes to core meat pH were not observed, the effect of marinating time (up to 180 min) and marinade pH on the instrumental and sensory properties of Chinese-style marinated chicken were located principally at the surface of samples. Consumers considered surface colour as contributing to acceptability of marinated chicken to a greater degree compared to colour penetration.     

Effects of freezing temperature and duration of frozen storage on lipid and protein oxidation in chicken meat

This study examined the effects of freezing temperature and duration of frozen storage on lipid and protein oxidation in chicken leg and breast meat. The meat was frozen at three different temperatures (−7, −12 and −18 °C) and then stored at −18 °C for up to 6 months. A significant effect of frozen storage duration on lipid oxidation was detected in leg and breast meat, whereas freezing temperature had no significant effect. In leg meat, freezing at −7 °C had a significant impact on protein oxidation, measured as the increase in carbonyl groups and the decrease in total sulphydryl groups, after 3 months of frozen storage. Lipid and protein oxidation appeared to occur simultaneously in chicken meat during frozen storage and was more intense in leg meat than in breast meat.     

Chloride salt type/ionic strength and refrigeration effects on antioxidant enzymes and lipid oxidation in cattle,camel and chicken meat

The effects of NaCl and KCl at varying ionic strengths on catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities and lipid oxidation in ground Longissimus dorsi (LD) of cattle and camel and breast muscle of chicken during refrigerated storage were studied. NaCl and KCl significantly increased 2-thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) and peroxide values. TBARS and peroxide values increased and GSH-Px activity decreased during 4 day storage in the 4 °C, but catalase activity was stable. Salt type had no consistent effect on GSH-Px and catalase activities. Chicken samples had lower enzyme activities and TBARS content than cattle and camel. Their peroxide values were lower than camel samples. Camel meat showed higher catalase activity and TBARS content than cattle meat. Results indicated that negative correlation between lipid oxidation and GSH-Px activity and the accelerated lipid oxidation in salted meat may be partly related to a decrease in GSH-Px activity.     

不同抗氧化剂对辐照扒鸡脂肪氧化的影响

本文研究了VC、VE、BHA三种抗氧化剂以及由它们组成的复配抗氧化剂对真空包装辐照扒鸡中脂肪氧化的影响。通过对添加抗氧化剂的辐照扒鸡的过氧化值测定,比较了三种抗氧化剂的抗氧化效果。试验结果表明:添加抗氧化剂可以显著降低辐照扒鸡的过氧化值;单一抗氧化剂以添加0.02%的BHA效果较好;复配抗氧化剂的抗氧化效果优于单一抗氧化剂,复配抗氧化剂以添加0.02%VC、0.01%VE、0.02%BHA效果较好。     

汶上芦花鸡及其制品开发研究进展

汶上芦花鸡历史悠久,是山东省地方良种鸡之一。2002年10月,被山东省列入地方良种家禽重点保护名录,其传统的蛋肉制品主要是供城乡家庭食用,还供应济宁及周边地区的大小饭店,炖鸡、炒鸡、黄焖鸡等已成为饭店的一大特色菜。本文介绍了汶上芦花鸡的养殖、地方标准和蛋肉的传统制品、现代制品,并讨论了蛋肉制品的开发趋势。     

The Poetics of the Island of Vessels

Since 2000, Neil Spiller has been engaged on a ‘long project’: a series of hundreds of drawings that through a potent mix of cyborgian fantasy and Surrealism, imbued with poetry and biotechnology, evoke a psycho-geographical island inhabited by an irascible alter ego, ‘The Professor’. Spiller seeks out in this work ‘an unusual and startling architecture’ that reveals a ‘loving, enigmatic and ragged beauty’.     

烤肉仔鸡加工工艺

介绍了烤肉鸡加工的工艺流程、配方和操作要点;并通过规范化的工艺控制,保证了烤肉鸡产品的质量。     

Investigation of chromatin folding patterns by atomic forcemicroscopy

1IntroductionTounderstandthemechamsmsinvolvedingeneexpressionandinthestructuralorgAnzationofchlomatinineukaryoticnucleus,manyeffortshavebeendevotedtoinvestigatethestructuraldetailsofchromatinfoldingpatternsatthedifferentlevels.Amongalloftheusedmethods,theelectronmicroscopy(EM)hasbeenprovedtobeveryusefulinrevealingchromatinstructuraldetails.Somechromatinfoldingpatterns,suchasnucleosomes[1-3],30urnchlomatinfib..,[4]560-80urnchromatinfibersand100-130runcblomonemafibers[5'6]wererevealed,and200-40…