Chemical control of colloidal fouling of reverse osmosis systems

Fouling of membranes by colloidal organic and inorganic particles continues to be documented as the most common and challenging obstacle in attaining stable continuous operation of reverse osmosis (RO) and ultrafiltration (UF) systems. Much current research is being conducted on physical parameters to mitigate such fouling. The focus has been on membrane synthesis and element design; microfiltration and ultrafiltration pretreatment; electromagnetic devices; correlation with physical factors such as Silt Density Index, zeta potential and critical flux; technique of direct observation of fouling process through a membrane; and classification of macromolecular organics for correlation with fouling characteristics. We report initial successes with chemical control of colloidal fouling. Through screening with a large number of observable coagulations of natural colloids, we have developed a group of proprietary anticoagulants and dispersants that would, at less than 10 ppm dosage to the RO feedwater, control various classes of colloidal foulants. Case studies of the control of humic matter, elemental sulfur and colloidal silicate in problematic RO systems that became stabilized are briefly presented. We conclude that a great need and potential exists in economically controlling the myriads of fouling interactions of colloidal particles during concentration within the brine channels of RO membrane elements. Low dosages of antifoulants can in many cases obviate the need for installation and maintenance of pretreatment unit or operations designed to remove such colloidal foulants from the process stream.     

对Ringbom终点误差理论的补充研究

对Ringbom的终点误差公式理论进行了分析,指出了Ringbom的终点误差公式只适用于无指示剂参加终点过程的终点误差计算,不适用于有指示剂参加终点过程的终点误差计算,并研究了有指示剂参加终点过程的终点误差计算公式,以此作为对Ringbom终点误差理论的补充和完善。     

靛蓝染液组分浓度在线检测系统

为实现靛蓝染液组分浓度的在线检测,提高检测的准确度和精确度,设计开发了采用电位滴定法在线实时检测靛蓝染液中各组分浓度的系统。系统以工控机为核心,基于研华板卡PCI1710,在C#环境下,实现工控机对设备的控制以及对检测数据的采集,采用二阶微商法确定电位滴定的终点。通过对检测结果的分析可知误差在2%以内,说明系统可以满足工业生产的需要。     

渣油胶体稳定性与热反应生焦性能关系的研究

利用混合物粘度法对辽河减压渣油(LHVR)、俄罗斯M100(M100)的胶体稳定性进行研究,其胶体稳定性参数分别为0.802和0.287。对两种渣油的生焦性能进行研究,在相同的反应温度(380℃),反应时间达到90min时,LHVR和M100的生焦率分别为28.40%和11.05%。将质量分数为0.5%的碱性添加剂注入到M100中,反应时间为90 min时,生焦率为3.07%。结果表明,生焦诱导期后,渣油胶体稳定性与其生焦性能之间不存在对应关系,其生焦率的大小主要取决于原料的康氏残炭值,碱性添加剂能够改变渣油中分散体系的稳定性,从而降低生焦率,改善产品分布。     

氟硅酸溶液中氟硅酸及氢氟酸含量的测定

基于生成氟硅酸钾沉淀和该沉淀水解均析出不同量酸，用碱滴定完成氟硅酸及氢氟酸的连续测定。该方法用于生产实践，结果令人满意。     

磷酸三丁酯在酸水溶液中溶解度的测定

在20~70℃之间,用浊点法测定了磷酸三丁酯在水、盐酸和硫酸溶液体系中的溶解度.水在TBP-煤油有机相中的溶解度D(H2O)是TBP在水中溶解度δ的60倍;随着温度升高纯TBP和煤油稀释的TBP在水相中的溶解度δ都增加,符合Apelblat溶解度模型,即纯TBP在水中的溶解度与温度的关系:lgδ=3.509 4-1 328.31/T;用煤油稀释TBP可以降低TBP在水相中的溶解度δ;随着盐酸和硫酸的浓度的增加,纯TBP在酸液中的溶解度也增加,盐酸的影响更显著.     

金、银、铂、钯合金中钯的选择性滴定方法的研究与应用

建立了丁二肟选择性沉淀分离和析出EDTA-Pd络合物中的EDTA,Pb(NO3)2返滴定测定Pd的新方法,系统地研究了在硝酸或盐酸介质中测定Pd的条件,并对比了本法与《国家标准》分析方法的结果.研究表明:2种方法测得Pd的结果吻合,测定5～30mg Pd,相对误差-0.17% ～ 0.20%;但拟定方法的选择性好,适用性强,分析快速,操作简便、易于掌握.方法已应用于Au、Ag、Pt、Pd合金中5%～99%的Pd含量的测定,结果满意.     

Review of roll-to-roll fabrication techniques for colloidal quantum dot solar cells

Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are of great interest to photovoltaic (PV) technologies as they possess the benefits of solution-processability, size-tunability, and roll-to-roll manufacturability, as well as unique capabilities to harvest near-infrared (NIR) radiation. During the last decade, lab-scale CQD solar cells have achieved rapid improvement in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) from ~1% to 18%, which will potentially exceed 20% in the next few years and approach the performance of other PV technologies, such as perovskite solar cells and organic solar cells. In the meanwhile, CQD solar cells exhibit long lifetimes either under shelf storage or continuous operation, making them highly attractive to industry. However, in order to meet the industrial requirements, mass production techniques are necessary to scale up the fabrication of those lab devices into large-area PV modules, such as roll-to-toll coating. This paper reviews the recent developments of large-area CQD solar cells with a focus on various fabrication methods and their principles. It covers the progress of typical large-area coating techniques, including spray coating, blade coating, dip coating, and slot-die coating. It also discusses next steps and new strategies to accomplish the ultimate goal of the low-cost large-area fabrication of CQD solar cells and emphasizes how artificial intelligence or machine learning could facilitate the developments of CQD solar cell research.     

Gas sensing properties of p-type hollow NiO hemispheres prepared by polymeric colloidal templating method

This work presents a simple and versatile route to produce macroporous p-type metal oxide thin films. Two-dimensional arrays of p-type NiO films with a hollow hemisphere structure were fabricated by colloidal templating and RF-sputtering followed by a subsequent heat treatment. The diameter and shell thickness of the NiO hemisphere were 800 nm and 20 nm, respectively. X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis indicate that the pure NiO phase with grain size of 10 nm was obtained at calcination temperatures that exceeded 450 °C. Close-packed arrays of hollow NiO hemispheres were found to exhibit p-type gas sensing properties against (CO, H₂, C₃H₈, CH₄, NO₂, and C₂H₅OH), leading to significantly enhanced responses to C₂H₅OH (R_gas/R_air = 5.0 at 200 ppm).     

化学因子分析法测定液体推进剂A

基于测定推进剂Ａ现有分析方法准确度低,神经网络法对仪器要求高等不足,提出了的一种新的分析方法。该方法利用已知酸的电位滴定数据建立多元线性回归数学模型,利用化学因子分解该模型,对未知样进行浓度测定。实际测定结果表明本方法的最大分析误差不超过０．１７％,标准偏差不超过１．９％,满足样品分析要求。