Soccer ball anisotropy modelling

The work presented in this paper details the development of a finite element (FE) model of a soccer ball, allowing for a greater understanding of the performance of soccer balls under dynamic conditions that are representative of play. The model consists of composite shell elements that include a hyperelastic strain energy potential equation to define the latex bladder layer and a plane stress orthotropic elastic material model to define the anisotropic woven fabric outer panels. The model was validated through a series of experimental impact tests whereby the ball was impacted normal to a rigid plate at an inbound velocity of approximately 34 ms⁻¹ (76 mph), with each impact recorded using high speed video (HSV) techniques. It was found that the combined effects of ball design and panel material anisotropy resulted in impact properties such as coefficient of restitution, contact time, deformation and the 2D shape taken up by the ball at maximum deformation, to vary with pre-impact ball orientation. The model showed good agreement with the measurements, and its ability to represent the effects of anisotropy in ball design.     

MARKTRAN II: An interactive FORTRAN program for calculating markov transition probabilities of two-dimensional patterns

MARKTRAN II is an interactive FORTRAN IV program that computes Markov transition probabilities for two-dimensional patterns. The pattern is represented by a series of discrete states at each point on a rectangular grid composed of square cells. Transition probabilities in eight directions are computed. MARKTRAN II is useful for numerically describing the fabric of patterns that possess any degree of anisotropy. Geological applications include analysis of rock fabrics, outcrop patterns of geological maps, and variations in ore grade expressed as discrete states.     

3D woven composite design using a flattening simulation

Fiber composite materials have unique, advantageous mechanical properties that have made them highly desirable in a range of industries. In particular, 3D woven-fiber composites are highly resistant to delamination compared with laminated 2D woven-fiber composites and have been adopted in various advanced products. This paper focuses on the design of 3D woven-fiber composite products and proposes a flattening simulation method for designed 3D models with constant thickness. The proposed method estimates the shape of a flat material and the fiber directions in the 3D model design; deformation phenomena of 3D woven-fiber materials are also considered in order to improve the accuracy of the proposed method. CT images are used to compare the simulation results with the actual deformation of 3D woven-fiber materials and confirm the ability of our method to effectively design the fiber direction base on the 3D model and to estimate the shape of flat materials.     

中温低碱短流程练漂新工艺研究

本研究以氧化退浆剂应用为基础。进行中温低碱短流程练漂新工艺研究，突破了传统的重煮轻漂工艺的格局，为实现环保练漂作了有益的尝试。     

棉纺织厂设备维修方式的实践

分析了周期计划维修存在的问题，提出采用状态计划维修，并将状态计划维修分为日常点检、计划检修、定期修理、专项维修等项目，说明状态计划维修不仅可以节约用工、节约机物料消耗，而且提高了设备的运转率，并使产品质量稳中有升。     

纯棉磨毛织物工艺探讨

介绍纯棉磨毛织物的前处理、染色和后整理工艺过程和条件。     

汽巴克隆C型染料的纯棉厚织物深色染色

根据汽巴克隆C型活性染料结构的特点，对纯棉厚织物染深灰、橄榄绿色及黑色，采用轧烘轧蒸工艺，对工艺中食盐用量、碱剂用量和汽蒸时间作了系统试验，投产后取得重现性和牢度良好的效果。     

Modeling multi‐stage decomposition of cotton fabrics considering char oxidation in the presence of oxygen

A theoretical model, describing thermal degradation behavior of cotton fabrics that exposed to a constant radiant heat flux, is proposed in the paper. The model describes thermal and oxidative degradation of cotton fabric under the oxygen‐containing atmosphere and considers pseudo‐bi‐component separate‐stage kinetic process. Both exothermic and endothermic reactions are included in the decomposition process. At present, gas phase oxidation reactions are not included. Comparison with experimental results demonstrates that the predictions of the mass loss rate and temperature profile with these cotton fabrics are in agreement with the experiment. Effects of thermal radiation and ambient oxygen concentration on decomposition have also been investigated. The gas phase temperature is also predicted by the present numerical model. Results from numerical model will help contribute to a better understanding of the ignition mechanism of flame‐resistant cotton fabrics used for fire safety garments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

纯棉纬弹织物尺寸稳定性的控制

纯棉纬弹织物性能优异，但在染整加工过程中尺寸稳定性不易控制，造成成品门幅不稳定，甚至达不到客户要求，本文基于实验及生产实践，合理选择坯布密度及门幅，正确控制前处理工艺条件，灵活制订后处理工艺路线及工艺条件，既保证外观，弹性伸长率等性能符合要求，又获得满意的纬向尺寸稳定性。     

丝素蛋白腈纶结构性能及其混纺针织纱的开发

通过对丝素蛋白接枝腈 性能及原理的讨论，提出了素蛋白腈纶纤维与天然纤维混纺针织纱及最终产品开发中的技术要点，为丝素蛋白接接腈纶的产品提供了途径。