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51.
Protein malnutrition is a problem in Africa where sorghum is a staple foodstuff. Improvement in the protein quality of traditional African sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) foods through the addition of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp), an indigenous African legume, was investigated. Two sorghum cultivars, a red, tannin-type (NS 5511) and a white tan-plant, non-tannin type (Orbit) were complemented with cowpea (70:30 ratio). Ugali (thick porridge), uji (fermented thin porridge) and injera (fermented flatbread) were prepared. The protein lysine scores of cowpea-complemented foods were about double the levels of sorghum-only foods. The in vitro protein digestibility of the foods increased by 13–62%. The increase in lysine and protein digestibility improvement resulted in three- and two-fold improvement in the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) of NS 5511, and Orbit foods, respectively. Addition of cowpea to tannin, as well as non-tannin sorghum is a viable option for improving the protein quality of a wide range of traditional African foods. 相似文献
52.
Functional properties of cowpea flour from seeds micronised at two different surface temperatures (130 and 170 °C) were studied. Micronisation (130 and 170 °C) significantly (P ? 0.05) increased the water absorption capacity and least gelation concentration of the flour. The treatment significantly (P ? 0.05) reduced the water solubility and swelling indices, gel strength and foaming capacity of the flour. The changes in cowpea flour functional properties, such as the loss of foaming capacity in flours from micronised (130 and 170 °C) seeds, were associated with significant (P ? 0.05) increase in the surface hydrophobicity and cross-linking of the cowpea protein. SDS–PAGE of the protein-rich fractions revealed changes in the protein subunit profile which included the formation of disulphide bonds and possibly Maillard cross-links. The flour from M-170 °C seeds was significantly (P ? 0.05) darker than was the flour from unmicronised and M-130 °C seeds. 相似文献
53.
S.N. Nguluu M.E. Probert R.L. McCown R.J.K. Myers S.A. Waring 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2002,62(1):11-14
A glasshouse study was carried out to determine the isotopicdiscrimination (B values) and the isotopic fractionation factors ()associated with symbiotic nitrogen fixation in stylo (Stylosantheshamata L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.Walp). The B values are required to improve the accuracy of estimates ofnitrogen fixation based on the differences in the natural abundance of15N between nitrogen fixing and non-fixing plants. The B values ofplants grown in nitrogen free media for stylo were –1.60, 82 days after planting (DAP) and –1.86, 98 DAP and –1.48, 49DAP and –1.51 for cowpea shoots 73 DAP. Theisotopic fractionation factors for stylo and cowpea were 1.0016, 82DAP and 1.0019, 98 DAP and 1.0018, 49 DAPand 1.0015, 73 DAP, respectively. 相似文献
54.
Nadeesha Dilrukshi HewaNadungodage Damir D. Torrico Margaret A. Brennan Charles S. Brennan 《International Journal of Food Science & Technology》2022,57(7):3903-3913
Ready-to-eat extruded snacks with high protein and fibre were developed from a composite flour comprising rice flour, cowpea flour and whey protein concentrate (WPC). Nutritional, physicochemical, and textural properties of extrudates were evaluated, at five ratios of cowpea: WPC (10:0, 15:05, 20:10, 25:15, 30:20); rice flour was used as a control. The protein and fibre content in the extrudates significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) with cowpea (10%–30%) and WPC (5%–20%) incorporation compared to the control. The extrudates with higher levels of cowpea and WPC showed a significant increase in bulk density and hardness. A slight decrease of 12% was observed in the expansion of 15% cowpea and 5% WPC fortified extrudates compared to the control. The number of peaks during compression increased with incorporations of cowpea and WPC. All cowpea and WPC containing snacks were darker than the control. Significant correlations were found between the protein, fibre, colour values and textural properties. The essential and non-essential amino acid profiles increased in the extrudates, proportionally to the cowpea and WPC fortification. 相似文献
55.
Mia Marchini Alessandra Marti Maria Grazia Tuccio Elena Bocchi Eleonora Carini 《International Journal of Food Science & Technology》2022,57(8):4736-4743
Composite flours from accessible raw materials may interest developing countries, cutting wheat import costs, bolstering domestic agriculture and boosting nutrition. Technological functionality (WHC and OHC, pasting, swelling and thermal properties) of composite tapioca, sprouted sorghum, cowpea and wheat flours (at 50%, 33% and 25% (w/w) flour basis) was evaluated. PCA revealed that, in a 50% w/w blend, sprouted sorghum and tapioca were technologically similar to wheat, and thus of interest when gluten's viscoelastic properties are not required (e.g. flatbread). Since cowpea flour can enhance nutrients, a flour from sprouted sorghum, tapioca and cowpea is preferable nutritionally and technologically, and potentially sustainable, its raw materials being available locally. Furthermore, PCA showed that composites of sprouted sorghum, tapioca, cowpea and wheat flours at 25% w/w offer a good compromise between technological and nutritional qualities, while reducing wheat imports and cassava post-harvest losses. These results may herald technologically satisfactory, nutritional, sustainable bakery products. 相似文献
56.
Joshua O. Owade George Abong&#x; Michael Okoth Agnes W. Mwang&#x;ombe 《Food Science & Nutrition》2020,8(1):36-47
Cowpea leaf is among the African indigenous vegetables that have been recommended for possible alleviation of food and nutrition insecurity in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). The vegetable is rich in micronutrients including iron and vitamin A whose deficiencies are prevalent in SSA. Considering the limitation of seasonal availability, preservation techniques have been adopted to enhance availability with little success. This review aims at highlighting the contribution of cowpeas leaves to food and nutrition security as well as research gaps that must be addressed to promote the utilization of value‐added forms that would have extended effect of improving its production and consumption. It was found that preserved and fresh cowpea leaves were rich in beta‐carotene and iron in the ranges of 0.25–36.55 and 0.17–75.00 mg/100 g dry weight, respectively. The proportion of rural households incorporating the vegetable in its various forms in the region can be as high as 30%. With adequate utilization, the vegetable provided up to ≥ 75% and 25% of RDAs for vitamin A and iron, respectively, of children aged 4–8. However, the utilization of preserved forms faced a limitation for a deviation of up to 30% in their sensory scores and decreased nutrient content as compared to the fresh ones hugely hindered their market penetration. Utilization of novel processing techniques incorporating concept of hurdle technology can help address these quality losses. In conclusion, preservation of cowpea leaves should seek not only to enhance the shelf‐life, but also to enhance acceptability of the products with a view of increased utilization. 相似文献
57.
Danielle Rengadu Abe S. Gerrano John J. Mellem 《International Journal of Food Science & Technology》2020,55(1):332-339
There has been growing interest in the use of resistant starch (RS) as a prebiotic for physiological benefits and to reduce the risk of chronic diseases. In this study, RS was isolated from samples of five cowpea cultivars (DT129-4, TVU 11424, PAN 311, Fahari and Bechuana White) seeds to determine their potential prebiotic effects, and proximate and mineral composition. Results obtained showed samples of five cowpea cultivars to be high in protein (18.0–28.7%) and carbohydrates (54.9–66.0%) and low in fat (0.6–3.7%). The RS from cowpea samples ranged between 9.3 and 12.1% with cultivar DT129-4 having the highest amount. Fermentation of RS using mixed and pure cultures was done, and bacterial growth was monitored over a 24-h period. Resistant starch isolated from all cowpea samples fulfilled the criteria to be classified as a prebiotic which have a wide range of beneficial effects on the host, with cultivar DT129-4 showing the most prebiotic potential amongst cowpea samples tested. 相似文献
58.
Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) has the potential to treat cancer by removing the immunosuppressive brakes on T cell activity. However, ICT benefits only a subset of patients because most tumors are “cold”, with limited pre‐infiltration of effector T cells, poor immunogenicity, and low‐level expression of checkpoint regulators. It has been previously reported that Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) promotes the activation of multiple innate immune cells and the secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines to induce T cell cytotoxicity, suggesting that immunostimulatory CPMV could potentiate ICT. Here it is shown that in situ vaccination with CPMV increases the expression of checkpoint regulators on Foxp3?CD4+ effector T cells in the tumor microenvironment. It is shown that combined treatment with CPMV and selected checkpoint‐targeting antibodies, specifically anti‐PD‐1 antibodies, or agonistic OX40‐specific antibodies, reduced tumor burden, prolonged survival, and induced tumor antigen‐specific immunologic memory to prevent relapse in three immunocompetent syngeneic mouse tumor models. This study therefore reveals new design principles for plant virus nanoparticles as novel immunotherapeutic adjuvants to elicit robust immune responses against cancer. 相似文献
59.
Cowpea seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Col.: Chrysomelidae), is one the most important pests of stored products worldwide, which specially distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions. In the present study, effects of different irradiation times of Ultraviolet ray (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 min) on the most important biological traits of this pest were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Our findings revealed that different irradiation times significantly affect mortality of immature stages of C. maculatus. The UV-C irradiation had no significant effects on duration of different life stages of this pest. Population growth parameters of C. maculatus were significantly affected by different treatments. The highest and lowest recorded values for net reproductive rate (R0) were calculated at Control (38.70 offspring) and 50 min of irradiation (10.36 offspring), respectively. The calculated values for intrinsic rate of increase (r) at different treatments were significantly decreased with increasing irradiation time. The lowest value of this parameter was obtained at 40 min of irradiation (0.058 day−1) and followed by 50 min (0.061 day−1), while the highest value was recorded at Control (0.096 day−1). Sex ratio of C. maculatus was not significantly affected at different treatments. The results of the present study can be used for further assessment of irradiation as a means to control C. maculatus. 相似文献
60.
The cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus, is a major pest of stored pulses. Females of this species produce a contact sex pheromone that elicits copulation behavior
in males. Pheromone was extracted from filter-paper shelters taken from cages that housed females. Crude ether extract stimulated
copulation in male C. maculatus. Initial fractionation showed behavioral activity in acidic and neutral fractions. Furthermore, bioassay-guided fractionation
and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis of active fractions revealed that the active components of the acidic
fraction were 2,6-dimethyloctane-1,8-dioic acid and nonanedioic acid. These components along with the hydrocarbon fraction,
a mixture of C27–C35 straight chain and methyl branched hydrocarbons, had a synergistic effect on the behavior of males. Glass dummies treated
with an authentic pheromone blend induced copulation behavior in males. The potential roles of the contact sex pheromone of
C. maculatus are discussed. 相似文献