Understanding and influencing behaviour change by farmers to improve water quality

Diffuse pollution from agriculture remains a significant challenge to many countries seeking to improve and protect their water environments. This paper reviews literature relating to the provision of information and advice as a mechanism to encourage farmers to mitigate diffuse pollution. The paper presents findings from a literature review on influencing farmer behaviour and synthesises three main areas of literature: psychological and institutional theories of behaviour; shifts in the approach to delivery of advice (from knowledge transfer to knowledge exchange); and the increased interest in heterogeneous farming cultures. These three areas interconnect in helping to understand how best to influence farmer behaviour in order to mitigate diffuse pollution. They are, however, literatures that are rarely cited in the water management arena. The paper highlights the contribution of the ‘cultural turn’ taken by rural social scientists in helping to understand collective and individual voluntary behaviour. The paper explores how these literatures can contribute to the existing understanding of water management in the agricultural context, particularly: when farmers question the scientific evidence; when there are increased calls for collaborative planning and management; and when there is increased value placed on information as a business commodity. The paper also highlights where there are still gaps in knowledge that need to be filled by future research — possibly in partnership with farmers themselves. Whilst information and advice has long been seen as an important part of diffuse pollution control, increasing climate variability that will require farmers to practice adaptive management is likely to make these mechanisms even more important.     

比值法光学遥感器机上辐射定标的研究

本文在简要介绍光学遥感器各种机上辐射定标方法的基础上, 着重叙述了“太阳＋ 漫射白板＋ 比值辐射计”的机上定标方案。最后结合自行设计的比值辐射计及其测试结果对该系统的辐射定标精度进行了分析。     

Factors That Affect Diffuse Reflection Performance of Microcellular Foamed Plastics

The structure of microcellular foamed plastics causes optical, acoustic, and electrical properties. The diffuse reflection performance of microcellular foamed plastics can be applied as a high performance diffuse reflector. To improve microcellular foaming process, a simulation was conducted. It was to analyze the factor affecting when microcellular foamed plastics realized the diffuse reflection performance. Cell morphology of microcellular foamed plastics can be expressed through four factors. From result of simulation made a data base about cell morphology and diffuse reflectance. And the statistical method was used for identify contributions by factors.     

近红外漫反射光谱法快速鉴别药用辅料

该文建立了采用近红外光谱法对41种常用药用辅料进行快速、准确、无损鉴别的方法,每个品种6批次样品共得246张光谱,215张用于建立模型,41张用于验证模型。在3 966¹0 414 cm-1内,使用二阶导数9点平滑光谱预处理方法,结合第一范围标定法建立的"总库1"定性分析模型可准确鉴定30种辅料,其余5大类11种辅料被直接转入"子库2-6"进一步鉴定,直至完全分离。结果表明,对验证集样品鉴别准确度达100%。对比于操作繁琐、费时的传统检测方法,该方法快速、准确,适用于制药企业在原料进厂时逐桶定性鉴别和车间投料的过程控制。     

The electrocaloric effect of Ba1-xLaxTi0.9Sn0.1O3 ceramics with excellent temperature stability near room temperature

The Ba_1-xLa_xTi_0.9Sn_0.1O₃ ceramics (x = 0, 0.006, 0.007, 0.008) were prepared by the traditional solid-state reaction method. The influence of La³⁺ on the phase, dielectric properties, ferroelectric properties, and electrocaloric effect (ECE) was analyzed in detail. The results of refinement show that all ceramics are multiphase coexistence at room temperature, including the cubic phase, the tetragonal phase, and the orthogonal phase. With the increase of La³⁺, the polar phases decrease but the non-polar phase increases, which is the main reason for the decline in adiabatic temperature change (ΔT). The analysis of dielectric properties and ferroelectric properties demonstrate that the diffuse phase transition is strengthened by introducing La³⁺. It also means that polar nanoregions (PNRs) might be formed. Therefore, the temperature stability of the Ba_1-xLa_xTi_0.9Sn_0.1O₃ ceramics in a wide temperature range near room temperature is improved. Simultaneously, the PNRs provide additional entropy to improve ECE. A higher ΔT = 0.88 K is obtained under 60 kV/cm for x = 0.007, which also possesses excellent temperature stability in the temperature range of 298 K–378 K. The doping of La³⁺ also improves the electric field threshold of the electrocaloric strength (ΔT_max/ΔE) and stabilizes the ΔT_max/ΔE under a higher electric field, which is conducive to improving ECE under a higher electric field and providing another possible solution for promoting the practical application of ECE.     

Diffuse solar radiation estimates from sunshine hours and clearness index for Karachi, Pakistan

Correlations for the estimation of monthly average daily diffuse solar radiation as a function of the sunshine hours and clearness index have been obtained from Karachi. Generally, two types of correlations are used: (a) diffuse radiation as a function of relative sunshine hours and extraterrestrial radiation, and (b) diffuse radiation as a function of global and extraterrestrial radiation. These correlations are mostly first- and second-order polynomials in the sunshine hours and clearness index, indicating the presence of the diffuse solar radiation component. The diffuse solar radiation shows a peak value during the monsoon months of July–August. The diffuse to global ratio is found to be 0.32 from the analysis, and the diffuse to extraterrestrial radiation ratio is nearly 0.19 throughout the year. Among the established relations, Iqbal and Stanhill overestimate the radiation value, while Liu and Jordan underestimate it.     

小型汽油机进气道燃油雾化和蒸发特性研究

由喷射燃油撞壁产生的进气道内油膜是导致过渡工况空燃比控制偏差的主要原因。本文对小型汽油机进气道内燃油雾化和蒸发模型进行了分析,总结出了影响油滴油膜形成和蒸发的主要因素。     

MEO shadowring method for measuring diffuse solar irradiance: Corrections based on sky cover

The present paper deals with atmospheric corrections factors proposed as a function of the atmospheric transmissivity in order to correct the diffuse solar irradiance measured with the Melo-Escobedo-Oliveira Shadowring Measuring Method (MEO shadowring Method). Global irradiance was measured by an Eppley-PSP pyranometer; direct normal irradiance by an Eppley-NIP pyrheliometer fitted to a ST-3 sun tracking device and diffuse irradiance by an Eppley-PSP pyranometer fitted to a MEO shadowring. The Solar Radiometric Laboratory at Sao Paulo State University provided the measurements during the years 1996–2005. Two correction models for diffuse solar irradiance were proposed: All Sky Correction Model (ASC Model) and Sky Cover Correction Model (SCC Model). The MBE and RMSE statistical indicators performed the validations. The correction models showed results in the same order of magnitude: ASC Model showed 0.81% deviation, while SCC Model showed 0.66% deviation. Therefore, the correction models proposed as a function of the sky covering (atmospheric transmissivity) were efficient to correct the isotropic diffuse irradiance, approaching the measured and reference diffuse irradiance less than 1%. Corrections show dependence on sky coverage and seasonality. The results presented that the sky cover corrections improve the MEO shadowring method, allowing the generation of a reliable global, direct and diffuse radiation database without high financial investments.