Genetic Analysis of the Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis) Introduced to the North American Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway

The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is an invasive organism of concern, with established non-native populations in Europe and California, USA. The species is thought to pose a risk to other North American waterways, including the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway. Since 1965, there have been sixteen confirmed adult E. sinensis caught in the North American Great Lakes or adjoining waterways. Analysis of their mitochondrial DNA sequence variation for part of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene discerned three haplotypes among seven individuals (caught between 1973 and 2005), identical to common haplotypes in Europe. Analysis of mitochondrial haplotype frequencies and shipping patterns suggests that E. sinensis has been introduced to the Great Lakes from Europe, although we are unable to preclude native Asian populations as putative sources. The species is catadromous, migrating between salt and fresh water to complete its life cycle. This trait makes it unlikely that E. sinensis will establish a breeding population in the Great Lakes proper, which are separated from saltwater by a considerable distance and significant instream barriers such as waterfalls and navigation locks. However, the recent discovery of two confirmed mitten crabs in the St. Lawrence River, which could be more readily colonized, underscores the risk posed by the repeated introduction of this species into the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway.     

基于GC-MS指纹图谱及化学模式识别分析河南不同产地香椿挥发性成分

以河南省不同产地香椿为原料，采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术，利用“中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统”，构建香椿挥发性成分指纹图谱，并结合相似度评价及化学模式识别（聚类分析、主成分分析）对香椿挥发性成分进行综合评价。结果表明：建立的香椿挥发性成分标准指纹图谱与聚类分析、主成分分析结果一致，都可将河南不同产地香椿挥发性成分有效区分。主成分分析找到了引起不同批次香椿样品间风味差异的主要成分为2-己烯醛、2,4-二甲基噻吩、乙酸法呢醇酯及2-甲基-3-亚甲基-环戊烷甲醛，同时发现信阳高山栽种的香椿挥发性成分综合得分最高。本研究可为香椿的快速溯源及品质监控提供一定的理论依据和技术支撑。     

Effect of Ultra-Violet B on Release of Volatiles in Tea Leaf

Many volatiles in fresh tea leaf are in the forms bound with glycosides and they are released by action of ß–primeverosidase and ß-glucosidase during tea processing. Effect of ultra-violet B on release of volatiles in fresh tea leaves of two tea cultivars, “Maoxie” and “Anhui-9,” were investigated. Types of volatile and their concentration increased when ultra-violet B was applied at 3.0 μmol m^?2 s^?1 for 2 h and then decreased as the irradiation was extended to 6 h. The relation of expression of ß–primeverosidase and ß-glucosidase genes to the release of volatiles were also discussed.     

复合促渗剂对当归水溶性成分阿魏酸的体外透皮性能影响研究

选用立式透皮扩散试验仪,以离体小鼠皮为透皮屏障进行体外透皮实验,研究了促渗剂氮酮、薄荷脑和冰片对当归水溶性成分阿魏酸的体外透皮性能影响,并优选出了较佳复合促渗剂。实验结果表明,三种促渗剂单用时,对阿魏酸透皮性能的影响大小顺序为:薄荷脑>冰片>氮酮,而联合使用时,顺序为:冰片>薄荷脑>氮酮。且优选出的较佳复合促渗剂为2%冰片+2%薄荷脑,结果显示二者联合使用优于氮酮、冰片、薄荷脑单独使用,其24 h单位面积累积透过量(Q₂₄)可达34.32μg/cm2,增渗倍数(ER)可达64.195,分别为单用薄荷脑和冰片的8倍和25倍,且滞后时间在2 h以内,协同作用明显,即优选出的复合促渗剂对当归水溶性成分阿魏酸的促渗效果很好,可为当归及以当归为主药方剂的经皮给药制剂开发提供促渗剂。     

Folin-Ciocalteu比色法测定香椿皮中多酚含量

建立了Folin-Ciocalteu法测定香椿皮总酚酸含量。以没食子酸为对照品,采用Folin-Ciocalteu法测定香椿皮中多酚含量。结果表明:香椿皮总多酚的含量在0~0.048 mg/mL范围内呈良好线性关系(R2=0.9997),精密度RSD为0.34%,重复性RSD为0.35%,稳定性RSD为0.23%,样品平均回收率为104.5%,RSD为1.43%。该多酚测定方法简单、快捷、准确,是测定香椿皮总多酚可靠的方法。     

香椿子提取物对实验性小鼠胃黏膜损伤保护作用

目的：研究香椿子提取物对小鼠胃黏膜损伤的保护作用。方法：按200、400 mg·kg-1·d-1香椿子生药量给小鼠连续灌胃给药2周,采用乙醇及阿司匹林诱发胃黏膜损伤模型,通过计算胃黏膜损伤指数和损伤抑制率,测定小鼠血清中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）的水平和胃黏膜组织中内皮素-1（ET-1）、前列腺E2（PGE2）、一氧化氮（NO）含量来探讨香椿子提取物对损伤的保护情况。 结果：预防给药14 d后,香椿子能明显降低乙醇及阿司匹林诱发的胃黏膜损伤指数,两个剂量组对乙醇诱发的胃黏膜损伤抑制率分别为40.4%和47.4%,对阿司匹林诱发的胃黏膜损伤抑制率分别为38.9%和44.6%。阳性对照药西米替丁对乙醇及阿司匹林诱发的小鼠胃黏膜损伤抑制率分别为50.9%和50.2%。此外,与乙醇及阿司匹林诱导的模型动物组比较,香椿子200、400 mg/kg剂量组能升高小鼠胃黏膜组织中SOD、PGE2与NO水平,降低MDA和ET-1含量。 结论：香椿子提取物对乙醇及阿司匹林所致小鼠胃黏膜损伤均具有一定的保护作用。     

Sixteen Polymorphic Simple Sequence Repeat Markers from Expressed Sequence Tags of the Chinese Mitten Crab Eriocheir sinensis

The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is an economically important aquaculture species in China. In this study, we developed and evaluated simple sequence repeat markers from expressed sequence tags of E. sinensis. Among the 40 wild E. sinensis individuals tested, 16 loci were polymorphic. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to ten. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.0667 to 0.9667, whereas the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.0661 to 0.9051. These markers have the potential for use in genetic studies of population structure and intraspecific variation in E. sinensis.     

香椿保健面包的研制

为了充分利用香椿芽叶的特殊性质,介绍了香椿保健面包的加工工艺,其工艺过程采用二次发酵法,通过正交试验确定了该产品的最佳配方组合:香椿叶粉为9%,白砂糖为10%,酵母为1.0%,面包改良剂为1.2%,并对面包进行了成品质量指标的测定。