空间练习之装配部件教学方法

本文是对布鲁斯·埃里克·朗曼20世纪80年代中在俄亥俄州大学建筑系的基础设计课程的文本整理。该课程直接源自于德州骑警的基本理念以及设计教学法,是其后继发展之一。对该课程的了解有助于我们更好地认识＂德州骑警＂对美国当时建筑教育的影响。该课程也是一个如何运用装配部件教学法进行空间训练的很好示范。     

基于运动生理学的山地居住区步行空间形态的研究——以恩施市连珠畔岛小区步行轴线上的空间形态为例

山地居住区地形复杂,居民的出行方式主要是步行,影响居民出行方式的一个重要因素就是出行的舒适性,步行的体能消耗是影响舒适性的生理指标。该文将居民的生理因素与山地居住区步行空间的形态有机结合起来,根据运动生理学的相关理论,建立山地步行体能消耗的相关模型,总结了山地步行中坡度、速度、距离以及高差之间的关系,探讨了结合运动生理学的山地居住区步行空间形态的设计方法,并以恩施市连珠畔岛小区的步行轴线上的空间形态为例进行分析。     

化工原理习题课的教学实践与探讨

化工原理是化工类专业的一门主干技术基础课,习题课是化工原理理论课教学中的重要环节。本文根据作者的教学实践体会,认为教师应从单元总结、解题与分析点评、总结讨论三个环节来完成习题课的教学,并对选题和教学方式及手段进行了探讨。     

Lipid transfers to HDL are diminished in long-term bedridden patients: association with low HDL-cholesterol and increased inflammatory markers

Plasma lipids have been extensively studied in sedentary and in subjects practicing exercise training, but not in extreme inactivity as occurs in bedridden patients. This is important for the care of bedridden patients and understanding the overall plasma lipid regulation. Here, we investigated plasma lipids, lipid transfers to HDL and inflammatory markers in bedridden patients. Fasting blood samples were collected from 23 clinically stable bedridden patients under long‐term care (>90 days) and 26 normolipidemic sedentary subjects, paired for age and gender. In vitro transfer of four lipids to HDL was performed by incubating plasma with donor nanoparticles containing radioactive lipids. Total (193 ± 36 vs 160 ± 43, p = 0.005), LDL (124 ± 3 vs 96 ± 33 p = 0.003) and HDL‐cholesterol (45 ± 10 vs 36 ± 13, p = 0.008), apolipoprotein A‐I (134 ± 20 vs 111 ± 24, p = 0.001) and oxidized LDL (53 ± 13 vs 43 ± 12, p = 0.011) were lower in bedridden patients, whereas triglycerides, apolipoprotein B, CETP and LCAT were equal in both groups. Transfers of all lipids, namely unesterified cholesterol, cholesterol esters, triglycerides and phospholipids, to HDL were lower in bedridden patients, probably due to their lower HDL‐cholesterol levels. Concentrations of IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, HGF and NGF were higher in bedridden patients compared to sedentary subjects. In conclusion, inactivity had great impact on HDL, by lowering HDL‐cholesterol, apolipoprotein A‐I and thereby cholesterol transfers to the lipoprotein, which suggests that inactivity may deteriorate HDL protection beyond the ordinary sedentary condition.     

Chronic Exercise Reduces CETP and Mesterolone Treatment Counteracts Exercise Benefits on Plasma Lipoproteins Profile: Studies in Transgenic Mice

Regular exercise and anabolic androgenic steroids have opposing effects on the plasma lipoprotein profile and risk of cardio-metabolic diseases in humans. Studies in humans and animal models show conflicting results. Here, we used a mice model genetically modified to mimic human lipoprotein profile and metabolism. They under-express the endogenous LDL receptor gene (R1) and express a human transgene encoding the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), normally absent in mice. The present study was designed to evaluate the independent and interactive effects of testosterone supplementation, exercise training and CETP expression on the plasma lipoprotein profile and CETP activity. CETP/R1 and R1 mice were submitted to a 6-week swimming training and mesterolone (MEST) supplementation in the last 3 weeks. MEST treatment increased markedly LDL levels (40%) in sedentary CETP/R1 mice and reduced HDL levels in exercised R1 mice (18%). A multifactorial ANOVA revealed the independent effects of each factor, as follows. CETP expression reduced HDL (21%) and increased non-HDL (15%) fractions. MEST treatment increased the VLDL concentrations (42%) regardless of other interventions. Exercise training reduced triacylglycerol (25%) and free fatty acids (20%), increased both LDL and HDL (25–33%), and reduced CETP (19%) plasma levels. Significant factor interactions showed that the increase in HDL induced by exercise is explained by reducing CETP activity and that MEST blunted the exercise-induced elevation of HDL-cholesterol. These results reinforce the positive metabolic effects of exercise, resolved a controversy about CETP response to exercise and evidenced MEST potency to counteract specific exercise benefits.     

空气流动对室内健康体育运动人体热舒适的影响及设计策 略研究

本文通过实验室实验、主观问卷和 能耗模拟的方法,研究室内健康体育运动中 空气流动对运动状态下人体热舒适的影响及 其节能效果,得出以下结论：运动状态下人体 对温度和风速均有更大的接受和适应范围; 运动强度增加时对风速的需求增加,气流可 通过增加人体表面蒸发和对流散热量而补偿 环境温度的升高,在保证人体舒适的同时显 著节约建筑制冷能耗。基于以上结论探讨了 采用空气流动时室内健康体育运动空间热环 境设计和改进策略。     

The healthy back,its environment and characteristics: a pilot study

It is a well known fact that low back pain is a frequently existing symptom in Sweden and in other industrialized countries. It would be of interest for the prophylaxis of this common condition to study possible special characteristics of persons who have never experienced low back pain. In the present pilot study, 21 men aged 50–59 years were interviewed and clinically examined for the purpose of identifying ‘the healthy back person’. The group consisted of employees from two enterprises, both blue and white collar workers. The subjects shared the services of an occupational health centre and they claimed never to have had low back pain. Their statements were checked with the General Sick Insurance Company (Allmanna forsakringskas-san). The interview dealt with questions about education, profession, mechanical and mental stress during present and previous work, leisure activities, life conditions, health status in general, heredity concerning low back trouble, and the interviewed person's opinion about his healthy back. The clinical examination was directed towards flexibility and muscle strength. The most consistent results of the interviews were that 20 out of 21 subjects experienced a high degree of independence and 17 stated that their jobs were very satisfactory. The clinical examination showed that the group was flexible in the back and hamstrings and that the isometric extensor muscle strength was considerably higher than the isometric flexion strength.     

谈学校体育中运动性病疾的成因及其对策

随着学生参与体育活动人数的增多，与运动有关的运动性疾病的发生率也有所增加，这对学校深入开展体育运动带来不必要的负面影响。本文在系统分析运动性疾病成因的基础上，根据学校体育运动的具体实际，提出了相应的预防对策。     

高校公共体育课运动负荷研究

本讨论了在高校扩招情况下如何应用负荷价值阈理论保证教学质量的问题，以及掌握负荷标准与体育课改革和建设的关系。