Ultrasound-assisted extrusion of construction ceramic samples

The conditions for a decrease in friction during ceramic brick production between a mixture and an extruder die under the influence of 20–30 kHz ultrasound applied to the die are calculated. An optimum design of a die used to mold 30 mm diameter cylindrical samples with a resonance in this frequency range is selected using computer modeling. From the results, a titanium die is fabricated and tested on a Verdes–050 (Spain) laboratory extruder using an ultrasonic magnetostrictive transducer with a power of 1.5 kW (Inlab-Ultrazvuk, Russia). A 12% reduction in extrusion pressure, a 20% acceleration of molding and a positive influence on the properties of the ceramics were found. The surface of the ceramic samples was covered by craters with diameters of approximately 10 µm due to the boiling of water, and the porosity of the main body of the samples decreased. This technique prevents the undesirable rapid drying of the surface when the samples exit the die and stabilizes the strength of the fired samples. The color remained unchanged, the water absorption decreased, the density, strength and resistance to frost increased. Ultrasonic extrusion increased the accuracy of the strength tests of construction ceramics, indicating the prospect of ultrasonic die development for industrial extruders for bricks, facing tiles and roof tiles.     

In‐line Rheological Behaviors of Gun Propellant Substitute Assisted with Supercritical CO2 in Extrusion Processing

To improve the rheological behaviors of gun propellants, SC‐CO₂ was injected into the gun propellant substitute in extrusion processing. A slit die rheometer was used to investigate the in‐line rheological behaviors of CA solution. A Power model was applied to describe the rheological behaviors of CA/SC‐CO₂ mixtures. The viscosity and pressure of CA solution obviously decrease with the assistance of SC‐CO₂. The viscosity of CA solution reduces by 16.64 % at 55 °C and 10 s⁻¹ with the presence of SC‐CO₂. Increasing the processing temperature makes the viscosity of CA/SC‐CO₂ mixture decrease remarkably, but it weakens the plasticization of SC‐CO₂ to CA. Although the increasing solvent content improves the flow of the CA/SC‐CO₂ mixture, it lowers the strength of CA/SC‐CO₂ mixture, which is not in favor of the quality of product. The investigation of the in‐line rheological behaviors of CA/SC‐CO₂ mixture is fundamental and important for the safe extrusion of gun propellants assisted with SC‐CO₂.     

基于双转子连续混炼挤出机的PPS/CF复合材料制备及性能研究

采用双转子连续混炼挤出机并通过熔融共混法制备了碳纤维(CF)增强聚苯硫醚(PPS)复合材料,并对其微观形貌、动态力学性能、力学性能和导电性能进行了研究,且对相关的影响因素进行了分析。结果表明,适当降低挤出机转子转速、提高CF含量可以改善PPS/CF复合材料的力学性能和导电性能;当转子转速为200 r/min时,采用含量为20%(质量分数,下同)的CF制得的PPS/CF复合材料的冲击强度达到49. 94 J/m,体积电阻率达到60. 65Ω·cm,均优于纯PPS。     

In-line characterization of dispersion uniformity evolution during a twin-screw blending extrusion based on near-infrared spectroscopy

Properties of an immiscible polymer blend have been proved to be closely related to dispersion uniformity of the minor phase. At present, dispersion uniformity is difficult to evaluate during the blending process, resulting in hysteretic feedback. Aiming at this problem, this work utilized near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to in-line characterize dispersion uniformity evolution during a twin-screw extrusion. A multichannel NIR measurement system was set up and applied to evaluate the blending process of polypropylene and polyolefin elastomer (POE). Based on the NIR spectra collected at different positions of the extruder, five prediction models of POE content were established using the light gradient boosting machine algorithm. Dispersion uniformity was characterized through the fluctuation of the predicted content. The evolution of dispersion under such processing parameters was consistent with scanning electron microscopy.     

高粘度聚酯纺丝用螺杆挤出机的选择和设计

本文分析高粘度聚酯和普通粘度聚酯加工特性,以普通聚酯加工用螺杆挤出机作基型,用特性对比的方法,讨论选择和设计高粘度聚酯纺丝用螺杆挤出机的要点。高粘度与普通粘度聚酯加工中最突出的特征是熔体粘度影响一系列加工因素。熔体粘度与各加工因素关系的实验结果和理论分析表明,熔体粘度对螺杆挤出机性能参数(产量、挤出质量和功率消耗)、工作参数(螺杆速度、挤出压力和挤出温度)和纺丝螺杆几何参数等存在不同程度的影响。按照本文所提出的建议,结合实际经验,有可能选择和设计出适用于高粘度聚酯纺丝加工的螺杆挤出机。     

New ultra high molecular weight acrylic processing aids for rigid PVC foaming

Foaming of rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is studied as a function of high molecular weight acrylic processing aids. The industrial process to evaluate quality of foam is discussed in detail. The role of acrylic processing aids to improve melt strength and hence foaming of PVC is explained. It is demonstrated that increase in molecular weight of acrylic processing aids increases its effectiveness. It is found that ultra-high molecular weight processing aids is 25%–30% more efficient than relatively lower, but still high, molecular weight acrylic processing aids. The higher molecular weight processing aids provided comparable foaming performance at lower loading levels. Foaming reduced the density of PVC compounds to 0.32–0.34 g/cm³. More than 1000% expansion is achieved in the melt extrusion process using a chemical blowing agent. Fusion characteristics are also studied. Fusion times for initial fusion peaks are in the range of 42–44 s while the fusion times of the second fusion peaks are in the range of 74–94 s. The higher molecular weight processing aids maintained fusion characteristics of PVC compounds, warranting no significant changes in commercial process.     

Simulation of transient process in melting section of reciprocating extruder

Plastic injection molding machine that can be classified as reciprocating extruders are among the most widely used machines in industry. However, most studies in the injector design were based on steady state models developed for extruders that involved no reciprocation. This over-simplified model leaves out the most important aspect of reciprocation. The authors of this paper have derived a transient melting model that takes care of the change from the conventional steady extrusion to that of a discontinuous transient process. This paper describes simulations conducted on the derived model to explain observation that cannot be explained by the steady extrusion model in practical experiments. The simulation was conducted by using parameters given in Donovan's experiment [Polym Engng, 11 (1971) 353]. The simulation results are found to qualitatively match with the experimental results. It proves the validity of the model. Simulation has also been conducted with the model on materials that their viscosities are temperature and shear rate dependent. The result has shown that screw rotation speed, screw axial movement speed, barrel thickness, barrel heat capacity, temperature of heater and polymer are factors affecting the melting speed and the transient effects.     

啮合同向双螺杆挤出过程新型混合元件—六棱柱元件实验研究

前文^[1]对啮合同向双螺杆挤出过程中的新型混合元件－六棱柱元件的流场了三维等温牛顿模拟，并将其结果与捏合块元件作了对比，得到了在相同压差下六棱柱元件比捏合块元件产率高，剪切速率场和剪切应力场分布更均匀，且两种元件分散混合能力相近的结论。本文对六棱柱元件的流场模拟结果进行了实验验证，证明流场模拟计算的方法可行，得到的结果可靠。进而利用多种有效方法，对六棱柱元件的挤出，混合特性进行了实验研究、实验结果表明，六棱柱元件比捏合块元件比能耗小，出料温度低，分布混合能力强，且六棱柱元件适于玻璃纤维增强改性加工过程。     

PLC在挤出机温度控制系统中的应用

针对在塑料挤出过程中温度控制的重要性，介绍了以可编程序控制器（PLC）为核心、采用比例积分微分（PID）算法的挤出机温度控制系统，并介绍了该系统软件的编程方法和技巧。     

低密度聚乙烯泡沫片材挤出成型技术的改进

阐述了物理高发泡LDPE片材的挤出成型,采用丁烷作为发泡剂时提高泡体质量所采用的工艺、配方和设备的生产技术改进