苹果白兰地发酵工艺技术研究进展

苹果白兰地为市场前景非常好的一种水果蒸馏酒类产品。文中从苹果酒、苹果白兰地发酵优势酵母菌株筛选及发酵性能研究、发酵工艺条件确定、酵母营养研究、香气成分分析和产品标准体系建设等方面综述了苹果白兰地发酵工艺技术的研究进展,并简要对其发展前景进行了展望。     

发酵过程中蔬菜化学成分的变化研究

以来自于自然发酵蔬菜的三种乳酸菌为黄瓜发酵菌种,通过控制发酵过程的条件,探讨其理化性质变化及微生物变化规律。结果表明,黄瓜在纯菌接种恒温(38℃)发酵过程中,其pH值逐渐降低、总酸度增高,黄瓜中总糖的含量随发酵时间延长而减少,在发酵约70.5h后趋于稳定而达到发酵终点。该发酵过程黄瓜中亚硝酸盐含量少、亚硝峰出现较快(约70.5h左右),118.5h后已经下降到很低;在发酵过程中杂菌的生长繁殖被抑制,发酵后期大肠菌群数降的很低;发酵黄瓜中Vc损失小于30%。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定苹果中刺糖菌素A

目的建立苹果中刺糖菌素A的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)测定方法。方法样品通过乙腈匀浆提取,在电喷电离方式(ESI+)、多反应监测模式(MRM)下进行测定,基质配标准曲线定量。结果分析物在0.005~0.50 mg/kg范围内成线性,相关系数r0.99,空白样品中分析物在0.01、0.02、0.10 mg/kg三个不同添加水平时,平均回收率在93.3%~101.7%之间,相对标准偏差为5.2%~7.4%,定量限为0.005 mg/kg。结论本方法灵敏度高、准确度好,能满足定量分析的要求。     

Kinetic analysis of non-enzymatic browning in carrot juice concentrate during storage

The effect of storage temperature, storage time and total soluble solid (TSS) on the total sugar (TS), sucrose, glucose, fructose, total amino acid (TAA), pH, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and browning degree (BD) in carrot juice concentrate (CJC) stored at −18, 0, 25 and 37 °C was studied and the relationship between HMF and BD was established. Higher temperature at 25 and 37 °C had a significant effect (p<0.05) on TS, sucrose, glucose, fructose, TAA, pH, HMF and BD, while lower temperature at 0 and −18 °C had less effect, and the storage time and the soluble solid of CJC stored at 25 and 37 °C also had a significant effect on HMF formation and BD. At 25 and 37 °C, the formation of HMF and BD followed a first-order reaction well as a function of storage time; a good correlation between HMF formation and BD occurred. The formation of HMF could described by the total soluble solid value [TSS] and the BD value ([BD], absorbance at 420 nm) of CJC, the equation was [HMF] (content of HMF) = 1.2177 − 0.1124 × [TSS] + (2.835 + 0.3477 × [TSS]) × [BD] and [HMF] = 1.5510 − 0.4813 × [TSS] + (23.8847 + 0.7249 × [TSS]) × [BD] at 25 and 37 °C, respectively.     

亲水胶体对胡柚饮料稳定性的影响

以胡柚饮料为研究对象,以离心沉淀率和混浊稳定性为考察指标,探讨了添加黄原胶、羧甲基纤维素（CMC）、瓜尔豆胶和果胶4种亲水胶体对胡柚饮料稳定性的影响。结果表明：随着亲水胶体添加量的增加,胡柚饮料的稳定性呈上升趋势,其适宜的添加量为0.15%～0.2%,亲水胶体的稳定性顺序为：果胶〉CMC〉瓜尔豆胶〉黄原胶;黄原胶与果胶复配比为1∶2～3,添加量为0.15%～0.2%时,胡柚饮料稳定性最好,口感最佳。     

超高压和热处理对蓝莓汁品质的影响

以蓝莓汁为原料,进行了超高压(UHP)和热力处理对蓝莓汁微生物和理化指标的影响,以及贮藏期内蓝莓汁品质变化的研究。结果表明:超高压可以有效杀灭蓝莓汁中的微生物;超高压处理后,蓝莓汁表现出更诱人的颜色;贮藏期内超高压和热处理对蓝莓汁的总酸、还原糖、可溶性固形物含量影响较小;与热处理相比,超高压处理能更好的保持蓝莓汁中的VC和花青素含量。     

冰温贮藏对荔枝汁品质的影响

为了研究冰温贮藏处理对果汁品质的影响,将荔枝汁于冰点温度下贮藏并与低温贮藏作比较,每7d取样测定其理化特性及营养成分,包括pH值、总酸、蛋白质、VC等几项指标相比于原汁的变化。结果表明:随着贮藏时间的增加,冰温贮藏下的荔枝汁总酸和蛋白质基本没有变化,VC含量略有下降,保留率为82%,远远小于低温贮藏损失。冰温贮藏能很好地保存荔枝汁原有的营养物质,是一种很有前景的贮藏保鲜技术。     

蓝莓浓缩汁流变特性及化学组成的变化

流体的流变学可为工艺设计提供有关数据,并有助于找出产品组成及加工工艺对流变性质的影响。本研究采用AR1000型流变仪研究了浓缩蓝莓汁(60°Brix)在(20～60℃)范围内的流变特性。通过回归分析发现,在研究的温度和浓度范围内,浓缩蓝莓汁表现为牛顿型流体,温度对粘度的影响可用阿雷尼乌斯(Arrhenius)方程来表示,浓度对粘度的影响可用指数方程来表示。推导出了温度和浓度对浓缩蓝莓汁粘度综合影响的方程式并比较了浓缩前后蓝莓汁化学组成的变化。     

壳聚糖复合涂膜对红富士苹果采后生理相关酶活性的影响

从以壳聚糖为成膜剂的多个涂膜剂处理中,通过正交试验,确定在红富士苹果保鲜上的最佳处理,并选择较好的处理为对象,研究对红富士苹果采后生理相关酶活性的影响。结果显示:适宜的壳聚糖复合涂膜提高红富士苹果超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性,增强了细胞防御系统抵御逆境的能力,抑制多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性,延缓果实软化,降低脂氧合酶活性和丙二醛含量,延缓细胞膜透性的增加;诱导苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性的提高,促进植物保卫素和木质素的合成,增强果实的抗病能力。试验表明,涂膜处理能够有效地保持果实贮藏品质,具有良好的保鲜效果。     

Effect of starter culture, spice mix and storage time and temperature on biogenic amine content of dry fermented sausages

Two types of dry fermented sausage differing in spicing mixture and the diameter (low content of red pepper + diameter 80 mm, H-sausage; high content of red pepper + diameter 55 mm, P-sausage, respectively) were produced in parallel with two different starter cultures (Pediococcus pentosaceus + Staphylococcus carnosus, B-samples and S. carnosus + Staphylococcus xylosus + Lactobacillus farciminis, F-samples, respectively). The sausages were ripened 21 days and subsequently stored 91 days at the room temperature. Concentration of both most abundant amines, putrescine and tyramine (y; mg/kg DM) increased significantly (P<0.01) in HB-sausage during ripening (x; days): y=2.5+18.13x−0.3144x² (R²=0.99) and y=0.7+8.17x−0.1130x² (R²=0.99), and also during storage: y=127.3+5.123x (R²=0.79) and y=26.0+3.211x (R²=0.74), respectively. At the end of ripening, putrescine (247 mg/kg DM) and tyramine (123 mg/kg DM) content in the HB-sausage was higher (P<0.05) than in the PB-sausage (12 and 9 mg/kg DM, respectively), concentration of either of these amines was negligible (1 mg/kg DM) in either type of F-inoculated sausage. Both starter culture and sausage type influenced significantly (P<0.001) both putrescine and tyramine content in the sausage; starter accounted for 57% and 55% of total variability in putrescine and tyramine content, respectively. Due to the significant (P<0.05) increase of total aerobic counts in the HB-sausage between the end of ripening and the 7th day of storage, followed by the significant (P<0.01) increase of the sum of total biogenic amines between the end of ripening (425 mg/kg DM) and the end of storage (1029 mg/kg DM), the storage of the dry fermented sausages at the room temperature should not be recommended.