肉中4种致病菌的PCR快速检测方法的建立

目的:建立一种能同时检测肉中金黄色葡萄球菌、志贺氏菌、沙门氏菌和单核增生李斯特菌的多重PCR检测方法。方法:根据金黄色葡萄球菌的耐热核酸酶基因(nuc)、沙门氏菌的侵袭蛋白基因(invA)、志贺氏菌的侵袭性质粒抗原基因(ipaH)和单核细胞增生性李斯特菌的内化素基因(inlA)设计引物,通过优化好的反应体系进行多重聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增目的基因。结果:特异性实验结果表明4种菌均能在相应位置扩增出特异性条带。对污染4种菌的猪肉进行检测,确定出金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌的检出限是102CFU/mL,志贺氏菌和单核增生李斯特菌的检出限是101CFU/mL。结论:本实验建立的多重PCR方法比传统细菌检测方法更特异、快速、灵敏,适用于肉中金黄色葡萄球菌、志贺氏菌、沙门菌和单核增生李斯特菌的快速检测。     

Response of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus to the thermal stress occurring in model manufactures of Grana Padano cheese

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of temperature in the technology of production of Grana cheese against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus. According to the technology of production, the cheese curds are cooked at 55°C and then cooled at room temperature (25°C). A curd-cooling model was developed to estimate the temperature variation across the curd during cooling, and the thermal stress was applied to the pathogens according to the model in model-scale productions of Grana cheese artificially contaminated with approximately 10⁴ cfu/mL of the selected pathogens. According to the numerical results, the initial temperature inside the cheese is kept at almost the initial value (above 50°C) for at least 4 h during cooling, whereas the crust of the curd cools rapidly to 30°C in the first hour. The best case was that of the core of the cheese where the high temperature was able to efficiently eliminate the contaminating pathogens. Moreover, the worst case was where the external ring of the curd in which a more rapid cooling allowed bacterial survival. Therefore, the thermal stress in the technology of production of Grana cheese can be only partially effective in the control of the selected pathogens. However, the whole technology of production includes other hurdles that can affect the survival of the pathogens and that need to be taken into account as a whole to evaluate the safety of Grana Padano cheese.     

乳酸菌抑制ACE及病原菌代谢产物研究进展

主要对乳酸菌及其发酵乳产品产生降血压的血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)抑制肽及乳酸菌消除肠道微生物降解氨基酸产生致癌因子的作用进行了阐述,表明了乳酸菌在降血压及抗癌方面具有巨大的应用前景。      

A filtration-based real-time PCR method for the quantitative detection of viable Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in food samples

We developed a novel filtration-based method that can eliminate dead or severally damaged Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in food samples. This new method can recover all viable bacteria in less than 30 min, and can be coupled with a subsequent bacterial DNA extraction and real-time PCR. No statically significant differences (p < 0.01) were found between real-time PCR results obtained separately from S. enterica and L. monocytogenes when different ratios of living and dead cells were used. The analytical sensitivity in both cases was 1 genome equivalent (GE), and the quantification was linear (R² > 0.9969) over a 5-log dynamic range with PCR efficiencies >0.9754. When compared with the standard microbiological methods for the detection of these foodborne pathogens, the relative accuracy was excellent ranging from 95.72% to 104.48%. Finally, we applied the pre-treatment method to the direct detection of viable forms of these foodborne pathogens in food samples using yogurt as a model, the results being similar to those obtained using pure cultures.     

免疫层析试纸条技术及其在食源性致病菌检测中应用的研究进展

食源性致病菌是引起食物中毒的最主要原因之一,全球每年由其引发的食物中毒事件达上亿例。免疫层析试纸条法是一种简便、快速且价格低廉的检测方法,广泛应用于国内基层单位对食源性致病菌现场快速检测及诊断。本文就其在食源性致病菌检测方面的研究现状及发展方向进行综述。     

New modules for PCR-based gene targeting in Candida albicans: rapid and efficient gene targeting using 100 bp of flanking homology region

The use of PCR-based techniques for directed gene alterations has become a standard tool in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In our efforts to increase the speed of functional analysis of Candida albicans genes, we constructed a modular system of plasmid vectors and successfully applied PCR-amplified functional analysis (FA)-cassettes in the transformation of C. albicans. These cassettes facilitate: (a) gene disruptions; (b) tagging of 3'-ends of genes with green fluorescent protein (GFP); and (c) replacements of endogenous promoters to achieve regulated expression. The modules consists of a core of three selectable marker genes, CaURA3, CaHIS1 and CaARG4. Modules for C-terminal GFP-tagging were generated by adding GFP-sequences flanked at the 5'-end by a (Gly-Ala)3-linker and at the 3'-end by the S. cerevisiae URA3-terminator to these selection markers. Promoter exchange modules consist of the respective marker genes followed by the regulatable CaMAL2 or CaMET3 promoters at their 3'-ends. In order to ensure a reliably high rate of homologous gene targeting, the flanking homology regions required a size of 100 bp of gene-specific sequences, which were provided with the oligonucleotide primers. The use of shorter flanking homology regions produced unsatisfactory results with C. albicans strain BWP17. With these new modules only a minimal set of primers is required to achieve the functional analysis of C. albicans genes and, therefore, provides a basic tool to increase the number of functionally characterized C. albicans genes of this human pathogen in the near future.     

基因探针技术及其在食品卫生检测中的应用

建立在DNA杂交基础上的基因探针技术是现代分子生物学中的一种常规技术。用基因探针技术检测食品中的有害微生物具有特异性强、灵敏度高和操作简便、省时等优点。近年来 ,有关非放射性基因探针、DNA生物传感器探针及分子信标探针等技术研究取得的重要进展 ,必将加速基因探针技术在食品微生物检测中的应用。本文对多种基因探针的技术原理与研究应用概况及最新进展进行了综述讨论     

Antimicrobial activity of nisin, reuterin, and the lactoperoxidase system on Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus in cuajada, a semisolid dairy product manufactured in Spain

The inhibitory activity of nisin (N), reuterin (R), and the lactoperoxidase system (LPS), added individually or in combination, against Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus was investigated in “cuajada” (curdled milk), a semisolid dairy product manufactured in Spain. Cuajada was manufactured from UHT skim milk separately inoculated with L. monocytogenes and Staph. aureus, each at approximately 4 log cfu/mL, and held under conditions of temperature abuse (10°C). On d 3, a synergistic bactericidal activity was observed for the combinations of biopreservatives assayed, with L. monocytogenes counts of only 0.30 log cfu/mL in cuajada made with N + R + LPS vs. 8.31 log cfu/mL in control cuajada. After 12 d, L. monocytogenes could not be detected in cuajada made with added N + LPS or N + R + LPS. Staphylococcus aureus was more resistant than L. monocytogenes to biopreservatives added individually. On d 3, the synergistic effect of the 3 biopreservatives against Staph. aureus resulted in counts of 3.03 log cfu/mL in cuajada made with N + R + LPS vs. 6.40 in control cuajada. After 12 d, Staph. aureus counts were 2.61 log cfu/mL in cuajada made with N + R + LPS, whereas they ranged from 6.11 to 7.70 log cfu/mL in control cuajada and in cuajada made with other combinations of biopreservatives. The most pronounced decrease in pathogen counts was achieved by the triple combination N + R + LPS, which acted synergistically on the inactivation of L. monocytogenes and Staph. aureus in cuajada over 12 d at 10°C. The treatment combining these 3 natural biopreservatives at low concentrations, within the hurdle concept of food preservation, might be a useful tool to control the growth of pathogenic microorganisms in nonacidified dairy products.     

常见食源性致病菌胞外代谢轮廓分析

寻找常见食源性致病菌间特征性代谢产物,是研发食品安全快速高效监控技术的基础。本文直接利用常见食源性致病菌发酵液冻干,经硅烷化试剂衍生,并采用气相色谱-质谱技术(GC-MS)对代谢产物进行分析,同时进行NIST11谱图库检索并分类,并对数据进行热图和主成分(PCA)分析。研究发现,发酵液中有大量有机酸、醇类和胺类等物质产生,且菌种间各代谢产物种类和相对含量差异显著;同时各菌间含有丰富的特有代谢产物,其中部分特有代谢产物在其他菌株中未见报道。通过热图和PCA分析各菌株胞外代谢轮廓可知,24 h时各菌株间能够明显区分,同时去除糖类和氨基酸后,PCA区分鉴定效果明显提高,尤其在24 h时最好。研究表明,胞外代谢轮廓分析可以用于寻找常见食源性致病菌生物标志物和菌种区分鉴定,同时部分菌种间特有的代谢产物有望成为常见食源性致病菌潜在生物标志物。     

非生物性因素对壳聚糖抗菌活性的影响

以具有代表性的两类病原菌:金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌为实验菌种,研究了不同的酸溶液、金属离子、离子强度和pH等非生物性因素对壳聚糖抗菌活性的影响。结果表明:在壳聚糖的酸溶液中,低碳数的有机酸比高碳数的有机酸和常见的无机酸更有利于壳聚糖抗菌活性的发挥;在pH6.0的环境中,壳聚糖的抗菌活性最强;由于与壳聚糖的螯合作用,Zn2+的加入对于壳聚糖的抗菌效率影响最大,Mg2+的影响相对最小;离子强度的增大可以更好地提高壳聚糖的抗菌活性。