Low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC)-based biosensor for continuous glucose monitoring

This article presents design, fabrication and testing of a miniature ceramic-based biosensor which is destined for continuous glucose monitoring. It is fabricated using well known LTCC (low temperature co-fired ceramics) technology. The biosensor consists of a microreaction chamber, three thick-film electrodes and a microdialysis tube. The detection process is based on oxidation of glucose by molecular oxygen in the presence of enzyme - glucose oxidase, GOx. One of the reaction products is a hydrogen peroxide which is detected amperometrically during its oxidation at a working electrode. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was used for optimization of the biosensor geometry and considerations of the influence of operating conditions (flow rate) on mass transfer (diffusion) of the glucose within the microreaction chamber. Tests of the developed LTCC-based biosensor indicate its linear response to glucose concentration up to 9 mM with a relatively high sensitivity of about 147 nA/mM. Moreover, the properties of the presented ceramic biosensor are compared with properties of a similar device made in silicon/glass and in Perspex^®.     

Application of functionalised carbon nanotubes immobilised into chitosan films in amperometric enzyme biosensors

A new approach for building a bio-conductive interface for enzyme immobilisation is described. This strategy permits very simple preparation of the enzyme biosensor and also reveals direct electron transfer features. A graphite-epoxy resin composite (GrEC) electrode modified with functionalised multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) immobilised by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide together with N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC–NHS) in a chitosan (Chit) matrix was prepared and characterised by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the presence of hexaammineruthenium (III) chloride. It was then used as a base for glucose oxidase (GOx) immobilisation by the simple method of crosslinking with glutaraldehyde (GA) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as carrier protein. The resulting mediator-free biosensor was applied to the determination of glucose in amperometric mode at different applied potentials and the mechanism of reaction was also investigated by cyclic voltammetry, with and without dissolved oxygen in solution. Analytical parameters, as well as reproducibility, repeatability and stability were determined. Interferences were assessed using different compounds usually present in natural samples, such as wines, juices or blood, in order to evaluate the selectivity of the developed biosensor. The novel combination of carbon nanotubes immobilised with chitosan crosslinked with EDC–NHS and glucose oxidase immobilised by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde offers an excellent, easy to make biosensor for glucose determination without interferences.     

玉米油加氢催化剂制备条件的选择和氢化工艺参数的优化

采用正交实验、方差分析和线性回归等方法,找到了玉米油加氢催化剂的最佳制备条件（即沉淀温度３１８Ｋ、干燥温度３８３Ｋ、载体与活性物配比２∶１、老化平衡时间１ｈ）和最佳氢化工艺参数（氢化温度４５８Ｋ、氢气压力１０１．３３ｋＰａ、催化剂用量为０．２５０ｇ／ｋｇ）,初步建立了玉米油氢化的选择性指数（ＳＩ）与催化剂主要制备条件（沉淀温度、载体与活性物配比）及氢化工艺参数（Ｔ、Ｐ、Ｃ）之间的定量关系。     

Coupling subband decomposition and independent component regression for quantitative NIR spectroscopy

In this paper, a new method is proposed for coupling digital bandpass filtering with independent component regression (ICR) to improve the quality of the raw absorbance spectra in quantitative NIR spectroscopy. The proposed model, referred to as SDICR, is based on a subband decomposition independent component analysis (SDICA) model coupled with ICR regression. The SDICA is used to select the optimal parameters of the digital bandpass filter and to determine the most independent subcomponents of the original sources, so the standard ICA methods can be used. The efficiency of the proposed model is validated using mixtures composed of glucose, urea and triacetin in a phosphate buffer solution in a non-controlled environment. The proposed model decreases the standard error of prediction (SEP) from 29.1 mg/dL for ICR to only 18.6547 mg/dL using 10 subbands.     

反相HPLC双检测器法同时测定米根霉乳酸发酵液中的有机酸与葡萄糖

提出了用高效液相色谱法同时测定米根霉乳酸发酵液中的有机酸和葡萄糖。用Ｗａｋｏｓｉ－Ⅱ５Ｃ１８ＲＳ（４．６ｍｍ＊１５０ｍｍ,５μｍ）色谱柱,以０．０１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ磷酸水溶液（ＰＨ２．５）为流动相,流速１ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ,利用有机酸及葡萄糖对紫外光吸收强弱的差异,采用双检测器系统,以示差折光检测器检测葡萄糖,以可变波长检测器检测有机酸,一次进样可同时定性及定量分析待测样中的有机酸及葡萄糖,每个样品的分析过程     

苏云金芽孢杆菌液体发酵的研究

对苏云金芽孢杆菌发酵清液进行了工艺条件优化研究,通过试验确定其适宜发酵工艺条件为:溶解氧大于3%,培养温度:1～20 h为30℃,20h以后为33℃,补糖量为2%,发酵周期29h.在此条件下,进行发酵可使发酵液生物效价达到5200 IU/uL的水平,制得干粉生物效价达到120000 IU/uL,晶体含量达12%.     

Lipid production in Porphyridium cruentum grown under different culture conditions

Autotrophic growth of Porphyridium cruentum under 18:12 h and 12:12 h light:dark cycles showed the maximum cell concentration of 2.1 g-dry wt./L, whereas the specific growth rate, 0.042 (1/h), at 18:6 h is faster than that of 12:12 h, 0.031 (1/h), respectively. The highest lipid accumulation level, 19.3 (%, w/w), was achieved at 12:12 h cycle. Under dark cultivation condition with 10 g/L of glucose, the lipid accumulation in the cell was 10.9 (%, w/w), whereas the heterotrophic growth with glycerol as the carbon resource showed low level of cell concentration and lipid production, compared to that of glucose. The glucose was decided to be a suitable carbon resource for the heterotrophic growth of P. cruentum. The lipids from P. cruentum seemed be feasible for biodiesel production, because over 30% of the lipid was C₁₆–C_18:1. The cultivation time and temperature were important factors to increase the maximum cell concentration. Extending the cultivation time helps maintain the maximum cell concentration, and higher lipid accumulation was achieved at 25 °C, compared to 35 °C. The fed-batch cultures showed that, under the light condition, the specific production rate was slightly decreased to 0.4% lipid/g-dry wt./day at the later stage, whereas, under the dark condition, the specific production rate was maintained to be a maximum value of 1.1% lipid/g-dry wt./day, even in the later stage of cultivation. The results indicate that the heterotrophic or 12:12 h cyclic mixotrophic growth of P. cruentum could be used for the production of biodiesel in long-term fed-batch cultivation of P. cruentum.     

催化氧化法以葡萄糖制取葡萄糖酸镁的研究

用钯／发作催化剂，用空气氧化葡萄糖，制取了葡萄糖酸镁，葡萄糖氧化转化率达95％。研究了葡萄糖浓度、搅拌速度、空气流量、反应温度对葡萄糖催化氧化转化的影响。     

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) increases glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity in muscle cells via multipathway mechanisms

Saffron (Crocus sativus Linn.) has been an important subject of research in the past two decades because of its various biological properties, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-atherosclerotic activities. On the other hand, the molecular bases of its actions have been scarcely understood. Here, we elucidated the mechanism of the hypoglycemic actions of saffron through investigating its signaling pathways associated with glucose metabolism in C₂C₁₂ skeletal muscle cells. Saffron strongly enhanced glucose uptake and the phosphorylation of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase)/ACC (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) and MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases), but not PI 3-kinase (Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)/Akt. Interestingly, the co-treatment of saffron and insulin further improved the insulin sensitivity via both insulin-independent (AMPK/ACC and MAPKs) and insulin-dependent (PI 3-kinase/Akt and mTOR) pathways. It also suggested that there is a crosstalk between the two signaling pathways of glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle cells. These results could be confirmed from the findings of GLUT4 translocation. Taken together, AMPK plays a major role in the effects of saffron on glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle cells. Our study provides important insights for the possible mechanism of action of saffron and its potential as a therapeutic agent in diabetic patients.