Physical Stability of Octenyl Succinate–Modified Polysaccharides and Whey Proteins for Potential Use as Bioactive Carriers in Food Systems

The high cost and potential toxicity of biodegradable polymers like poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic)acid (PLGA) has increased the interest in natural and modified biopolymers as bioactive carriers. This study characterized the physical stability (water sorption and state transition behavior) of selected starch and proteins: octenyl succinate–modified depolymerized waxy corn starch (DWxCn), waxy rice starch (DWxRc), phytoglycogen, whey protein concentrate (80%, WPC), whey protein isolate (WPI), and α‐lactalbumin (α‐L) to determine their potential as carriers of bioactive compounds under different environmental conditions. After enzyme modification and particle size characterization, glass transition temperature and moisture isotherms were used to characterize the systems. DWxCn and DWxRc had increased water sorption compared to native starch. The level of octenyl succinate anhydrate (OSA) modification (3% and 7%) did not reduce the water sorption of the DWxCn and phytoglycogen samples. The Guggenheim–Andersen–de Boer model indicated that native waxy corn had significantly (P < 0.05) higher water monolayer capacity followed by 3%‐OSA‐modified DWxCn, WPI, 3%‐OSA‐modified DWxRc, α‐L, and native phytoglycogen. WPC had significantly lower water monolayer capacity. All Tg values matched with the solid‐like appearance of the biopolymers. Native polysaccharides and whey proteins had higher glass transition temperature (Tg) values. On the other hand, depolymerized waxy starches at 7%‐OSA modification had a “melted” appearance when exposed to environments with high relative humidity (above 70%) after 10 days at 23 °C. The use of depolymerized and OSA‐modified polysaccharides blended with proteins created more stable blends of biopolymers. Hence, this biopolymer would be suitable for materials exposed to high humidity environments in food applications.     

响应面试验优化挤出酶解复合法改性玉米淀粉工艺

利用挤出酶解对玉米淀粉进行改性,采用响应面法对影响改性工艺的主要因素耐高温α-淀粉酶添加量、挤出温度、玉米淀粉含量进行优化,通过高效液相色谱、扫描电子显微镜、X-射线衍射以及差示扫描量热仪对玉米淀粉挤出酶解复合改性前后的低聚糖组成、表观结构、结晶度以及热力学性质的变化进行分析。结果表明：当耐高温α-淀粉酶添加量40 U/g、挤出温度140 ℃、玉米淀粉含量70%时,挤出改性玉米淀粉葡萄糖当量值为19.55%。高效液相色谱分析表明挤出物低聚糖的组分能够得到较好的分离,低聚糖样品中各组分葡萄糖、麦芽糖、麦芽三糖、麦芽四糖、麦芽五糖的质量比为1.0∶3.4∶7.5∶6.0∶1.8。玉米淀粉经挤出酶解复合改性后颗粒表面出现孔洞,结晶度下降。     

马铃薯变性淀粉基涂膜对早酥梨的保鲜效果

为探讨马铃薯变性淀粉在采后早酥梨涂膜保鲜中的应用效果,以马铃薯变性淀粉为主剂,通过正交试验,优化筛选马铃薯变性淀粉基保鲜膜最佳配方,分析比较最佳涂膜处理对早酥梨常温及低温贮藏期间品质指标变化的影响。结果表明,最佳的保鲜膜配方为4.00%氧化醋酸酯淀粉、0.50%单甘酯、1.00%β-环糊精、2.00%甘油和0.50%棕榈酸。涂膜处理显著地降低了常温和低温贮藏期间早酥梨质量损失率、腐烂指数以及黄化指数,抑制了果实中叶绿素含量的下降,同时涂膜处理有效地抑制了果实在贮藏期间还原糖、有机酸含量的下降,涂膜处理还可有效地封闭皮孔。可见马铃薯变性淀粉基保鲜膜在果蔬采后防腐保鲜中具有潜在的应用前景。     

淀粉预处理对反相乳液法合成高吸水树脂的影响

分别以热糊化(HGL)和机械活化(MAC)木薯淀粉(st)为母体,丙烯酸(AA)为反应单体,通过反相乳液聚合制备淀粉接枝丙烯酸高吸水树脂。考察了AA/st质量比、引发剂(APS)用量、交联剂(MBIS)用量对淀粉基高吸水树脂吸液能力的影响,并利用红外光谱仪对产品结构进行表征。结果表明,AA单体成功接枝于st上,AA/st质量比、APS用量和MBIS用量是影响树脂吸液能力的主要因素。机械活化淀粉接枝丙烯酸高吸水树脂(MAC-st//AA)与热糊化淀粉接枝丙烯酸高吸水树脂(HGL-st/AA)相比,APS用量和MBIS用量大大降低,最大吸去离子水倍率增加194.51 g/g,提高了43.14%,最大吸生理盐水倍率增加16.88g/g,提高了27.1%。由此表明,机械活化预处理技术较热糊化预处理技术对反相乳液法制备淀粉基高吸水树脂可以降低原料用量,减少成本。     

Molecular structure and granule morphology of native and heat‐moisture‐treated pinhão starch

Pinhão seed is an unconventional source of starch and the pines grow up in native forests of southern Latin America. In this study, pinhão starch was adjusted at 15, 20 and 25% moisture content and heated to 100, 110 and 120 °C for 1 h. A decrease in λ max (starch/iodine complex) was observed as a result of increase in temperature and moisture content of HMT. The ratio of crystalline to amorphous phase in pinhão starch was determined via Fourier transform infra red by taking 1045/1022 band ratio. A decrease in crystallinity occurred as a result of HMT. Polarised light microscopy indicated a loss of birefringence of starch granules under 120 °C at 25% moisture content. Granule size distribution was further confirmed via scanning electron microscopy which showed the HMT effects. These results increased the understanding on molecular and structural properties of HMT pinhão starch and broadened its food and nonfood industrial applications.     

Effect of waxy flour blends on dough rheology and bread quality

Although much research has been conducted on wheat flour dough rheology, the principal focus has been the role of the protein fraction. Starch is the main component of flour and plays a key role in dough dynamic properties, particularly during heating. This study assesses the effect of two different waxy flours, a durum and a bread wheat, and their blends with commercial bakers' flour on dough rheology during heating with a concurrent investigation into baking performance. Both waxy flour blends produced similar effects on dough rheological behaviour despite differences in protein content, acting to delay gelatinisation and reduce storage modulus. The main effects in bread were to increase loaf expansion during baking and reduce loaf firmness. It is postulated these effects are largely water mediated, with the higher swelling ability of the waxy starch granules reducing overall water availability and driving complete gelatinisation to higher temperatures.     

Hydroxypropylated microcrystalline pea starch: optimisation,functional characterisation

Pea starch (PS) appears to be very attractive for the peculiar physicochemical characteristics, which is used for the vermicelli, film‐forming material due to the high amylose content. The aim of this study was to optimise the hydroxypropylation technology parameters of the microcrystalline pea starch based on pea starch as a raw material, hydrochloric acid as an hydrolysis reagent, epoxy propane as an etherisation reagent by the Box–Behnken method. The thermal properties of hydroxypropylated microcrystalline pea starch were characterised by the thermogravimetric analyser and differential scanning calorimeter, respectively. Through the analysis of Design‐Expert software, the regression model and corresponding variances were obtained. In this case, the determination coefficient (R²) was 0.9631. This implied that 96.31% of the variation could be explained by the regression model. The best reaction conditions for preparing the hydroxypropylated microcrystalline pea starch were as follows: reaction temperature 40 °C, reaction time 16 h, amount of epoxy propane 14%, amount of sodium hydroxide 1.2% and amount of anhydrous sodium sulphate 12%. After the microcrystalline pea starch was hydroxypropylated, its peak temperature, melting enthalpy, temperature range of the endothermic peak increased, but its the thermal stability, onset temperature decreased.     

苦荞多酚对苦荞淀粉和小麦淀粉理化性质的影响

以苦荞淀粉和小麦淀粉为原料,研究低添加量(1%~4%)苦荞多酚与两种淀粉共糊化后的相互作用以及对其透明度、凝沉性、糊化特性、质构特性、抗性淀粉含量和微观结构的影响。结果表明:苦荞多酚与两种淀粉的共糊化显著降低了淀粉糊的透明度和沉降体积比,淀粉糊的凝沉加快;两种淀粉的糊化温度和糊化焓值一定程度上有所下降,淀粉更易糊化;同时两种淀粉胶质构参数显著降低,苦荞多酚添加量为4%时苦荞淀粉和小麦淀粉硬度分别下降了19.74%和54.18%;苦荞多酚的存在显著提高了淀粉中抗性淀粉含量(15%~30%)。电子显微镜结果显示,共糊化后苦荞多酚促进了淀粉颗粒的交联和聚合。苦荞多酚对淀粉理化性质的改变可视为一种提高抗性淀粉含量的物理改性方式,苦荞粉可作为高抗性淀粉食品的优质原料。     

氯化钠、蔗糖和碳酸钠对芡实淀粉糊化特性的影响

研究氯化钠、蔗糖和碳酸钠对芡实淀粉糊化特性的影响规律。采用差示扫描量热法等方法测定了不同质量分数氯化钠(1%、2%、3%、4%、5%)、蔗糖(4%、8%、12%、16%、20%)和碳酸钠(0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%)对芡实淀粉的糊化温度、溶解度、膨胀度、冻融稳定性等糊化特性的影响。结果发现,氯化钠、蔗糖和碳酸钠均提高了芡实淀粉的糊化温度。原芡实淀粉透明度为1.3%,氯化钠的加入降低了透明度,而蔗糖和碳酸钠则提高其透明度。氯化钠、蔗糖和碳酸钠均增加了芡实淀粉糊的膨胀度和溶解度,并均降低其冻融稳定性。在凝沉性方面,三者表现不一,低含量的氯化钠(1%~3%)和碳酸钠(0.5%~1.5%)均有利于芡实淀粉糊的稳定;高含量的氯化钠(4%~5%)和碳酸钠(2.0%~2.5%)均促使淀粉糊凝沉增加,降低稳定性;而蔗糖则提高了芡实淀粉糊的凝沉稳定性。由此可见,在芡实淀粉糊化过程中,氯化钠、蔗糖和碳酸钠三者对其糊化特性的影响显著。     

中低温水溶季铵阳离子淀粉浆料的合成及其浆纱性能

为了解决淀粉中低温水不溶的问题,根据中低温浆纱工艺对浆料水溶性、黏度、成膜性及对纺织纤维粘附性能的要求,采用酸解、季铵阳离子化和乙醇-碱法对淀粉进行改性,合成了一种中低温水可溶季铵阳离子淀粉浆料。采用扫描电了显微镜、红外光谱、电泳仪分析了所制得浆料的微观结构。研究了乙醇-碱法制备中低温水可溶淀粉时,反应温度、反应时间、乙醇用量、水含量、碱量对该淀粉浆料溶解性能的影响,测试了该淀粉浆料的浆液、浆膜性能。结果表明,反应温度为60℃,反应时间为50min,淀粉、水、乙醇和碱的量比为1：20：8：0.4时,所制得的淀粉浆料可溶于室温水中,浆液具有良好的黏度和抗凝沉性。