Turmeric nanofiber-encapsulated natural product formulation act as a phytogenic feed additive—A study in broilers on growth performance,biochemical indices of blood,and E. coli in cecum

A phytogenic feed additive (PFA) formulation was prepared with bioactive molecules—curcuminoids, gingerol, and carvacrol by encapsulating in nanofiber isolated from turmeric spent (turmeric nanofiber, TNF). This formulation was completely characterized by scanning electron microscope, ultra performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography and evaluated for its efficacy. PFA-encapsulated TNF (PFA@TNF) considerably increased mean body weight, decreased cholesterol level, mortality rate, and reduced Escherichia coli content of broilers than antibiotic growth promoter (AGP). The depth of crypts in the ileum of broilers was considerably reduced by the inclusion of PFA@TNF in diets compared with the AGP.     

Are chemical alarm cues conserved within salmonid fishes?

A wide diversity of fishes possess chemical alarm signalling systems. However, it is not known whether the specific chemicals that act as alarm signals are conserved within most taxonomic groups. In this study we tested whether cross-species responses to chemical alarm signals occurred within salmonid fishes. In separate laboratory experiments, we exposed brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis), brown trout (Salmo trutta), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to chemical alarm signals from each of the three salmonid species and from swordtails (Xiphophorus helleri). In each case, the test species responded with appropriate antipredator behavior to all three salmonids alarm cues, but did not react to swordtail cues. These data suggest that chemical alarm cues are partially conserved within the Family Salmonidae. For each species tested, the intensity of the response was stronger to conspecific alarm cues, than to heterospecific alarm cues, indicating that salmonids could distinguish between chemical cues of conspecifics versus heterospecifics. These results suggest that the chemical(s) that act as the alarm cues may be: 1) identical and that there may be other chemical(s) that allow the test fish to distinguish between conspecifics and heterospecifics, or 2) that the cues that act as signals are not identical, but are similar enough to be recognized.     

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Determination in Grilled Beef and Chicken

ABSTRACT

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are principally formed as a result of thermal treatment of food, especially grilling or barbecuing. In the present study, two types of Iranian popular grilled beef and chicken dishes (kebab) were analyzed for toxic PAHs, i.e., naphthalene, fluoranthene, phenanthtrene, anthracene, pyrene, and benzo(a)pyrene applying GC/MS. The differences in PAHs concentrations among grilled beef and chicken (kebab koobide and juje kebab) were found to be significant (p < 0.05), ranging from 0.29 to 21.95 ng·g^?1. Benzo(a)pyrene was found in nearly all samples; the maximum concentration of total PAHs was 21.95 ng·g^?1 found in grilled beef (koobide Khalij fars) and the lowest was 0.29 ng·g^?1 in grilled chicken (juje kebab) of Sahel restaurant.     

利用褐煤制取化工产品

叙述了几种采用褐煤制取的化学产品,如腐植酸、活性炭及高附加值产品等,对其制取技术、性能和应用方面进行了综述,通过对这几种产品的介绍,提出了今后褐煤综合利用的多种途径。     

不同药剂防治褐飞虱药效试验

为寻找防治褐飞虱的高效、低毒药剂,2012年对六(3)代褐飞虱进行了不同药剂处理的防治试验。结果表明:9.7%乙虫腈SC 1200 g/hm2对褐飞虱具有较好的速效性和持效性,药后1～21 d的防效为80.13%～94.07%;25%吡蚜酮SC 450 g/hm2的速效性稍差,但持效性与9.7%乙虫腈SC 1200 g/hm2处理相当,药后7～21 d的防效为89.60%～94.04%。     

Development of a bio‐based composite material from soybean oil and keratin fibers

A novel bio‐based composite material, suitable for electronic as well as automotive and aeronautical applications, was developed from soybean oils and keratin feather fibers (KF). This environmentally friendly, low‐cost composite can be a substitute for petroleum‐based composite materials. Keratin fibers are a hollow, light, and tough material and are compatible with several soybean (S) resins, such as acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO). The new KFS lightweight composites have a density ρ ≈ 1 g/cm³, when the KF volume fraction is 30%. The hollow keratin fibers were not filled by resin infusion and the composite retained a significant volume of air in the hollow structure of the fibers. Due to the retained air, the dielectric constant, k, of the composite material was in the range of 1.7–2.7, depending on the fiber volume fraction, and these values are significantly lower than the conventional silicon dioxide or epoxy, or polymer dielectric insulators. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the 30 wt % composite was 67.4 ppm/°C; this value is low enough for electronic application and similar to the value of silicon materials or polyimides used in printed circuit boards. The water absorption of the AESO polymer was 0.5 wt % at equilibrium and the diffusion coefficient in the KFS composites was dependent on the keratin fiber content. The incorporation of keratin fibers in the soy oil polymer enhanced the mechanical properties such as storage modulus, fracture toughness, and flexural properties, ca. 100% increase at 30 vol %. The fracture energy of a single keratin fiber in the composite was determined to be about 3 kJ/m² with a fracture stress of about 100–200 MPa. Considerable improvements in the KFS composite properties should be possible by optimization of the resin structure and fiber selection. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1524–1538, 2005     

Enzyme-assisted extraction of chicken skin protein hydrolysates and fat: Degree of hydrolysis affects the physicochemical and functional properties

Enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) of oils/fats involves the disruption of the cell wall of source material using enzymes to facilitate the release of oil. When proteases are used as the enzyme, EAE ends in the extracted oil as well as the protein hydrolysates. Herein, the EAE (using a commercial protease, Alcalase) was exploited to obtain fat and protein hydrolysates from chicken skin. Degree of hydrolysis (DH, the percentage ratio of cleaved peptide bonds), which showed a logarithmic correlation with the reaction time, was found to affect the properties of the products. As the DH increased, the peptide chain length of protein hydrolysates decreased which was confirmed by SDS-PAGE analysis. With the increase of DH, the emulsifying activity index, foaming capacity, and oil holding capacity of the hydrolysates decreased but the solubility and emulsion stability index increased (p < 0.05). The DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the hydrolysates increased with the DH up to DH = 39.62% but decreased thereafter (p < 0.05). EAE resulted in a rise in fat yield and the fat contained a higher amount of unsaponifiables and lower free fatty acids (FFA) content, as compared to the control treatment (No enzyme, 80°C, 2 h, p < 0.05). DH affected the fat yield and the unsaponifiables content of the fat, positively (p < 0.05). However, it did not affect the fat FFA content and iodine value (p > 0.05). Results obtained here showed DH can be used as an effective measure for controlling the physicochemical and functional properties of chicken skin protein hydrolysates and fat in the EAE process.     

ApoA1 Deficiency Reshapes the Phenotypic and Molecular Characteristics of Bone Marrow Adipocytes in Mice

In the present study, we studied the effect of apolipoprotein A-1 (APOA1) on the spatial and molecular characteristics of bone marrow adipocytes, using well-characterized ApoA1 knockout mice. APOA1 is a central regulator of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) metabolism, and thus HDL; our recent work showed that deficiency of APOA1 increases bone marrow adiposity in mice. We found that ApoA1 deficient mice have greatly elevated adipocytes within their bone marrow compared to wild type counterparts. Morphologically, the increased adipocytes were similar to white adipocytes, and displayed proximal tibial-end localization. Marrow adipocytes from wild type mice were significantly fewer and did not display a bone-end distribution pattern. The mRNA levels of the brown/beige adipocyte-specific markers Ucp1, Dio2, Pat2, and Pgc1a; and the expression of leptin were greatly reduced in the ApoA1 knock-out in comparison to the wild-type mice. In the knock-out mice, adiponectin was remarkably elevated. In keeping with the close ties of hematopoietic stem cells and marrow adipocytes, using flow cytometry we found that the elevated adiposity in the ApoA1 knockout mice is associated with a significant reduction in the compartments of hematopoietic stem cells and common myeloid, but not of the common lymphoid, progenitors. Moreover, the ‘beiging’-related marker osteopontin and the angiogenic factor VEGF were also reduced in the ApoA1 knock-out mice, further supporting the notion that APOA1—and most probably HDL-C—regulate bone marrow microenvironment, favoring beige/brown adipocyte characteristics.     

电熔棕刚玉除尘粉合成莫来卡特的研究

以电熔棕刚玉除尘粉为原料,在经过酸洗、沉淀处理的原料中添加适量的外加荆,制成试样后分别在1 400、1 450、1 500、1 550和1 600 ℃保温3 h热处理,然后进行XRD、SEM分析,探讨了烧成温度对合成莫来卡特的影响.结果表明:当烧成温度达到1 600℃时,试样中除了玻璃相,主要为莫来石相,且莫来石在气孔中结晶良好.     

烯啶虫胺等13种杀虫剂对褐飞虱的室内毒力测定与评价

采用稻苗浸渍法测定了烯啶虫胺等13种药剂对褐飞虱的室内毒力。结果表明,属于超高效的杀虫剂有烯啶虫胺、氟虫腈、噻嗪酮,对3龄若虫5d的LC50分别为0.13、0.19、0.29mg/L;属于高效的药剂有吡虫啉、氯噻啉、阿维菌素、甲维盐、高效氯氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、二嗪磷,对3龄若虫的LC50介于1～10mg/L之间;属于有效的药剂有毒死蜱、异丙威、吡蚜酮,对3龄若虫5d的LC50分别为14.68、22.13、28.07mg/L。根据药剂类型、作用方式、作用机制等,建议防治稻飞虱时首选烯啶虫胺、噻嗪酮、吡蚜酮等药剂。