防晒产品抗水性效能的体外测定方法

采用3MTranspore^MT多孔薄膜作为载体，高效液相色谱仪作为检测手段，通过对防晒产品浸入水中前后防晒剂量的测定以及有关实验条件的考察，建立了一种新的防晒产品抗水性效能测定的体外实验方法。实验结果表明，具有抗水性的防晒产品，经体外抗水性试验后，其所含的各防晒剂量仍是原来的90％以上，而非抗水性的防晒产品，其所含的各防晒剂量有些只有原来的10％左右，两者差别显著；同时在一定范围内，各种实验条件的改变，对防晒产品抗水性效能的测定没有影响，这些说明了该测试方法是可行的。另外，由于该法是体外测试，因而具有费用低、快速简便的特点。     

In situ compatibilization of PP/EPDM blends during ultrasound aided extrusion

Blends of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and uncured ethylene-propylene diene rubber (EPDM) of various concentrations were treated by high power ultrasonic waves during extrusion. Die pressure and power consumption were measured. The effects of different gap sizes, blend ratios and number of ultrasonic horns were investigated. The rheological properties, morphology and mechanical properties of the blends with and without ultrasonic treatment were studied. In situ compatibilization of the blends was observed as evident by their more stable morphology after annealing, improved mechanical properties and IR spectra. The obtained results indicated that ultrasonic treatment induced the thermo-mechanical degradations and led to the possibility of enhanced molecular transport and chemical reactions at the interfaces. Processing conditions were established for enhanced in situ compatibilization of the PP/EPDM blends.     

Poly(styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene) block copolymer ionomers (BCPI) and BCPI/silicate nanocomposites. 2. NaBCPI sol-gel polymerization templates

Polystyrene (PS) blocks in poly(styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene) (PS-PIB-PS) block copolymers were partially sulfonated and the acid groups converted to Na⁺SO₃⁻ groups to create ionomers. Then, dimethylacetamide was used to selectively swell the ionic PS domains and the swollen films were exposed to sol-gel reactive tetraethylorthosilicate solutions. (EtO)_4−xSi(OH)_x monomers then permeated films so that sol-gel reactions occurred within/around the ionic PS domains. Environmental scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy investigations showed that silicate structures can be incorporated within the interior of the ionomer films. Differential scanning calorimetry studies indicated that there is no variance in the PIB block T_g with respect to ionomer formation, or with respect to silicate loading of the ionomer at low levels, which suggests that the silicate component does not reside in the PIB phase. ²³Na solid state NMR spectroscopy detected isolated Na⁺SO₃⁻ groups as well as aggregated SO₃⁻Na⁺ ion pairs for ‘as cast’ and ‘dry’ non-silicate containing ionomer samples. In a hydrated sample, almost all Na⁺ ions were solvent-separated. AFM analysis showed that phase separation exists, but that the degree of order is significantly less than that for hybrids based on the corresponding benzyltrimethylammonium ionomer. This frustrated morphology was also seen in the results of small angle X-ray scattering experiments. Given the scale of organic/inorganic heterogeneity, these hybrids are properly classified as nanocomposites.     

In3+离子在多孔SiO2干凝胶中的发光

采用常规的Sol-gel工艺合成了In^3 掺杂的多孔SiO2干凝胶，In^3 离子作为间隙离子存在于SiO2网络中，展示了一种新颖的发光现象，改变了多孔SiO2干凝胶的发射光谱。这种掺杂的多孔SiO2干凝胶的激发和发射光谱均由2个带组成，短波长的发光峰在440nm(λex=380nm），其相对荧光强度约是未掺杂的多孔SiO2干凝胶的4倍；长波长的发光峰（In^3 离子在多孔SiO2干凝胶的特征发射）在600nm(λex=476nm），其相对荧光强度约是In^3 掺杂ZnS纳米晶的10倍。由此可以看出：掺杂的多孔SiO2干凝胶是一种高效的发光材料。     

The replacement of animal testing: ethical issues and practical realities

Increasing expectation that products and materials of many kinds should be 'safe' is leading to demands for more toxicity testing. At the same time, there is mounting pressure to reduce, refine and replace laboratory animal experimentation. The testing of cosmetics is particularly controversial. The only way out of this dilemma is the development, validation, acceptance and use of non-animal test procedures, i.e. replacement alternative methods. Given realism and determination, more funding, better science and good strategic planning, the future for replacement alternatives, and thus for human and animal welfare, could be a very bright one.     

Effect of copper addition on the thermal contraction of indium melt clusters

The structure of In-1%Cu and In-5%Cu (mass fraction) alloy melts were studied at different temperatures above liquidus by using a high-temperature X-ray diffractometer and were compared with that of pure In melt. Experimental results show that with the addition of 1% Cu or 5% Cu, the thermal contraction phenomenon of atom clusters occurs in melts with the temperature increasing like pure In melt. With the addition of 1% Cu, the thermal contraction of atom clusters increases and the contraction is not homogeneous in the whole measurement temperature range. The sudden change and noticeable contraction can be found in the range of 280-390℃. The temperature range of the sudden change is lower than that of pure In melt. With the addition of 5% Cu, the thermal contraction of atom clusters decreases and the contraction is not consistent in the whole measurement temperature range. The anomalous change can be measured at about 600 ℃. At the same superheating temperature, the nearest interatomic distance r1 of     

Crack initiation model for sensitized 304 stainless steel in high temperature water

To investigate the initiation behavior of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) for sensitized Type 304 stainless steel in high temperature water, a constant load SCC test method combined with in situ crack observation technique was employed. The in situ crack observation system allowed us to detect small cracks of at least 100 μm. As a result, a fracture time decreased with an increase in an applied stress. The first cracks were observed at most 3 h before the specimen was fractured under all the stress conditions. After that, many cracks were initiated in a short time to fracture. The fracture was caused by coalescence of multiple cracks rather than by growth of some primary cracks. The simulation model for surface crack initiation was newly developed using a Monte Carlo method, which was based on damage mechanics and stress analysis around the existing cracks. The simulation could represent the empirical results of changes in the crack distribution and the cumulative number of cracks during the SCC tests. It was concluded, therefore, that the crack initiation process should be considered in simulating the life prediction of the material in this SCC system.     

电磁分离技术及其研究现状

综述电磁分离技术的研究现状。分析各种电磁力的施加方法的原理、影响因素、应用的局限性。就目前存在的问题和应用中必须解决的问题提出自己的见解。     

Relationship between crystallinity and device characteristics of In‐Sn‐Zn oxide

We have reported that the transistors having the c‐axis‐aligned crystalline (CAAC) In‐Ga‐Zn oxide (IGZO) show good performance. Recently, In‐Sn‐Zn Oxide (ITZO) has attracted much attention because of its high electron mobility, as well as IGZO. However, it has been reported that ITZO field effect transistors (FET) tend to have positive Vth (normally‐on characteristics) and poor reliability compared with IGZO‐FETs. We have reported that high‐performance and high‐reliability OS‐FETs can be fabricated by using CAAC‐IGZO, which has high crystallinity and has no clear grain boundaries, as an active layer. Therefore, we have fabricated CAAC‐ITZO thin films to improve performance of ITZO‐FETs by using CAAC‐ITZO as an active layer. In addition, FETs employing CAAC‐ITZO have better characteristics and reliability than FETs using nano‐crystal ITZO. Furthermore, constant photocurrent method (CPM) measurement was carried out in order to estimate density of deep‐level defect states caused by oxygen vacancies in oxide semiconductors. The results show that CAAC‐ITZO has lower density of deep‐level defect states than nano‐crystal ITZO. We attribute the improvement in reliability of ITZO‐FETs to a decrease in deep‐level defect states of an ITZO active layer, as is the case with IGZO.     

Fast Ion Transport in Li-Rich Alloy Anode for High-Energy-Density All Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries

All-solid-state Li batteries (ASSLBs) with solid-polymer electrolytes are considered promising battery systems to achieve improved safety and high energy density. However, Li dendrite formation at the Li anode under high charging current density/capacity has limited their development. To tackle the issue, Li-metal alloying has been proposed as an alternative strategy to suppress Li dendrite growth in ASSLBs. One drawback of alloying is the relatively lower operating cell voltages, which will inevitably lower energy density compared to cells with pure Li anode. Herein, a Li-rich Li₁₃In₃ alloy electrode (LiRLIA) is proposed, where the Li₁₃In₃ alloy scaffold guides Li nucleation and hinders Li dendrite formation. Meanwhile, the free Li can recover Li's potential and facilitate fast charge transfer kinetics to realize high-energy-density ASSLBs. Benefitting from the stronger adsorption energy and lower diffusion energy barrier of Li on a Li₁₃In₃ substrate, Li prefers to deposit in the 3D Li₁₃In₃ scaffold selectively. Therefore, the Li–Li symmetric cell constructed with LiRLIA can operate at a high current density/capacity of 5 mA cm⁻²/5 mAh cm⁻² for almost 1000 h.