Optimal redundant placement of PMUs in Indian power grid — northern,eastern and north-eastern regions

Effective utilization of renewable energy sources and efficient management of electric energy are essential for any developing countries like India. This can be envisioned through the implementation of concepts of smart grid (SG). One of the key requisites for SG implementation is that the grid should be completely observable. Renovation of conventional Indian power grid to a SG necessitates incorporation of the phasor measurement units (PMUs) in the present power grid measurement and monitoring system. Since the cost of PMU is high and any bus containing a PMU makes the neighboring connected buses observable, optimal placement of PMUs is very important for complete observability of the grid. This paper proposes optimal redundant geographical locations in the northern, eastern and north-eastern regions of Indian power grid for PMU placement. The PMUs installed in these geographical locations will make the grid completely observable and maintain the observability under the conditions of failure of some PMUs or branch outages. Integer linear programming has been used for finding the optimal PMU locations. The results proposed in this paper can be a stepping stone for revamping the Indian power grid to a SG ensuring complete observability during different contingency conditions.     

陆-陆碰撞对南亚地区油气的控制作用

南亚地区主体为印度板块,裂谷期(4 570～166 Ma)时为东冈瓦纳大陆的一部分,自晚侏罗世(166 Ma)经过从南向北的长距离漂移,从始新世(49 Ma)开始,该板块向欧亚板块俯冲,早-中中新世(16 Ma)至今喜马拉雅山脉和印度-缅甸山脉快速隆升,形成了5个构造单元。前晚白垩世板块北部被动边缘型沉积被破坏,而东、西两侧和南缘沉积遭受抬升剥蚀程度较小,油气保存条件较好,板块内部在裂谷期仅发生微弱的沉降,晚碰撞期烃源岩未成熟。油气主要富集在沿着印度板块边缘分布的被动大陆边缘、前陆盆地、弧前-弧后盆地和夭折裂谷系中,以中、新生代沉积为主,典型的油气运聚模式依次为复合砂体运聚模式、构造褶皱-冲断运聚模式、断-坳垂向运聚模式和断裂-岩性运聚模式。     

A college suicide prevention model for American Indian students.

College student suicide prevention efforts are important to campus administrators and mental health professionals due to increasing concerns about managing suicidal students. This article describes the development and preliminary effectiveness of a campus suicide prevention program designed for American Indian (AI) students who are at higher risk for suicide compared with the general population. Using the medicine wheel as a guiding framework, the current prevention model integrates communication links between AI tribes and prevention program staff, educational and cultural programming, and spiritual ceremonies with the larger campus mental health resources available to students. A discussion of the barriers faced and solutions generated for implementing the program is offered, along with suggestions for disseminating this AI-specific prevention program to other universities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Causality between energy consumption and output growth in the Indian cement industry: An application of the panel vector error correction model (VECM)

The aim of this paper is to examine the existence and direction of the causal relationship between energy consumption and output growth in the Indian cement industry for the period 1979–80 to 2004–05. The most recently developed panel unit root, a heterogeneous panel cointegration and panel-based error correction model, is applied within a multivariate framework. The empirical results confirm a positive, long-run cointegrated relationship between output and energy consumption when heterogeneous state effects are taken into account. We also found a long-run, bi-directional relationship between energy consumption and output growth in the Indian cement industry for the study period, implying that an increase in energy consumption directly affects the growth of this sector and that growth stimulates further energy consumption. These empirical findings imply that energy consumption and output are jointly determined and affect each other. The empirical evidence also suggests the implementation of energy conservation policies oriented toward improving energy-use efficiency to avoid any negative impacts of the conservation policies on the growth of this industry.     

137Cs, 239+240Pu and 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios in the surface waters of the western North Pacific Ocean, eastern Indian Ocean and their adjacent seas

Surface seawater samples were collected along the track of the R/V Hakuho-Maru cruise (KH-96-5) from Tokyo to the Southern Ocean. The (137)Cs activities were determined for the surface waters in the western North Pacific Ocean, the Sulu and Indonesian Seas, the eastern Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal, the Andaman Sea, and the South China Sea. The (137)Cs activities showed a wide variation with values ranging from 1.1 Bq m(-3) in the Antarctic Circumpolar Region of the Southern Ocean to 3 Bq m(-3) in the western North Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea. The latitudinal distributions of (137)Cs activity were not reflective of that of the integrated deposition density of atmospheric global fallout. The removal rates of (137)Cs from the surface waters were roughly estimated from the two data sets of Miyake et al. [Miyake Y, Saruhashi K, Sugimura Y, Kanazawa T, Hirose K. Contents of (137)Cs, plutonium and americium isotopes in the Southern Ocean waters. Pap Meteorol Geophys 1988;39:95-113] and this study to be 0.016 yr(-1) in the Sulu and Indonesian Seas, 0.033 yr(-1) in the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea, and 0.029 yr(-1) in the South China Sea. These values were much lower than that in the coastal surface water of the western Northwest Pacific Ocean. This was likely due to less horizontal and vertical mixing of water masses and less scavenging. (239+240)Pu activities and (240)Pu/(239)Pu atom ratios were also determined for the surface waters in the western North Pacific Ocean, the Sulu and Indonesian Seas and the South China Sea. The (240)Pu/(239)Pu atom ratios ranged from 0.199+/-0.026 to 0.248+/-0.027 on average, and were significantly higher than the global stratospheric fallout ratio of 0.18. The contributions of the North Pacific Proving Grounds close-in fallout Pu were estimated to be 20% for the western North Pacific Ocean, 39% for the Sulu and Indonesian Seas and 42% for the South China Sea by using the two end-member mixing model. The higher (240)Pu/(239)Pu atom ratios could be attributed to close-in fallout Pu delivered from the Enewetak and Bikini Atolls by ocean currents of branches of the North Equatorial Current to the Southeast Asian seas.     

Tackling CO2 reduction in India through use of CO2 capture and storage (CCS): Prospects and challenges

CO₂ capture and storage (CCS) is not currently a priority for the Government of India (GOI) because, whilst a signatory to the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol, there are no existing greenhouse gas emission reduction targets and most commentators do not envisage compulsory targets for India in the post-2012 phase. The overwhelming priority for the GOI is to sustain a high level of economic growth (8%+) and provision of secure, reliable energy (especially electricity) is one of the widely recognised bottlenecks in maintaining a high growth rate. In such a supply-starved context, it is not easy to envisage adoption of CCS—which increases overall generation capacity and demand for coal without increasing actual electricity supply—as being acceptable. Anything which increases costs—even slightly—is very unlikely to happen, unless it is fully paid for by the international community. The majority viewpoint of the industry and GOI interviewees towards CCS appears to be that it is a frontier technology, which needs to be developed further in the Annex-1 countries to bring down the cost through RD&D and deployment. More RD&D is required to assess in further detail the potential for CO₂ storage in geological reservoirs in India and the international community has an important role to play in cultivating such research.     

全印度粉烧结可行性研究

对全印度粉烧结的可行性进行了研究。结果表明,随着印度粉配加量的增加,烧结矿的各项冶金性能均有所下降。但通过调整烧结工艺参数,可以在满足高炉冶炼的前提下,实现全印度粉烧结。     

HS-SPME结合GC-MS法分析鲐鱼肉加热前后挥发性成分变化

目的：为鲐鱼加工过程中的风味及品质管理提供基础理论数据,探究加热前后挥发性物质变化。方法：采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用仪检测并比较红肉和白肉的挥发性物质。结果：从鲐鱼白肉和红肉及两者加热样品中分别检测出32、41、39、52种挥发性物质,其中主要以碳氢化合物和羰基化合物为主;其中,碳氢化合物主要赋予鱼肉整体的风味,而羰基化合物对鱼的腥味有重要影响,在白肉及加热样品和红肉及加热样品中分别占23.35%、22.47%、58.65%、33.52%。结论：影响鲐鱼肉挥发性风味的主要有己醛、2-己烯醛、2,4-庚二烯醛、2-辛烯醛、壬醛、2,4-癸二烯醛、3,5-辛二烯-2-酮、1-戊烯-3-醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、2-乙基呋喃、2-戊基呋喃等。     

Iron and steel technology: options for India

Steel has been known in India since hoary antiquity and it is referred to in the Vedas asAyas (Heath 1839). It has been deduced from archeological evidence that ancient Indians knew the art of making steel. In this article this old history as well as the recent history of iron and steelmaking is briefly reviewed, the challenges posed for the iron and steel industry are explored and finally prospects for iron and steelmaking in India are evaluated. The challenge today is to take full advantage of this opportunity and use science and technology to utilize our vast resources for iron and steelmaking by imaginative assimilation, adaptation and modification of these new developments to our needs.     

Canadian Indians.

Indian education programmes have consistently failed and therefore, radical re-thinking on research and practical action is warranted. In considering Indians as a single cultural group in research, two points are frequently neglected. First, culture is always dynamic. Secondly, there is a great deal of cultural diversity within the classification of North American Indians. Further, it is suggested that rather than consider what it is about the Indian culture that causes school failure, a close examination should be made of the characteristics of the educator's culture that makes it difficult to teach children that are different. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)