国内外婴幼儿配方食品管理体系研究

为分析比较国际婴幼儿配方食品法规管理体系,作为我国相关标准制定的参考。收集了食品法典(CODEX)、美国、欧盟和澳新婴幼儿配方食品相关管理法规,包括定义,法规体系和具体规定,进行纵向与横向的比较分析。不同国家或国际组织对于婴幼儿配方食品管理的法规体系各不相同,但对包括特殊医学用途婴儿配方食品的定义,营养成分限量,可添加物质以及安全性指标的规定基本一致,而且强调生产过程的监控和管理。我国在制修订婴幼儿配方食品标准时应充分考虑不同法规标准的协调一致性,尤其对于不同政府部门颁布的法规,以及生产过程管理,确保产品质量与安全。对于国内标准未涉及但在国外有较长安全使用历史的产品,例如各种特殊医学用途婴儿配方食品,应考虑增设标准或通过专门审批和管理渠道进口,确保为具有医学状况的婴儿提供合理膳食促进健康生长,满足我国市场需求。     

Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their hydroxylated metabolites in infant foods

Eleven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been analysed in commercial milk formulae and infant cereals. Two hydroxylated PAHs metabolites (1-OH-Pyr and 3-OH-B[a]P) and their conjugates were also analysed in milk samples. To determine the selected PAH metabolites, a simple, fast quantitative and economic method was developed. This method comprising ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction, enzymatic hydrolysis, solid-phase clean-up and detection by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC–FD) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) as confirmatory technique. The method was evaluated by constructing calibration curves, measurement of recovery, precision and the limits of detection. The purpose of this survey was to determine the selected analytes, to assess the exposure of babies and infants and to produce data for comparison with proposed limits that were being considered at the time of the survey. The results showed that not only no samples would have exceeded the limit for benzo[a]pyrene which is used as an indicator for the presence of PAHs, but also no hydroxy PAH metabolites have been detected.     

2018年宁波市售婴儿配方乳粉中矿物质元素含量的调查分析

摘 要：目的 对市售的婴儿配方乳粉（即1段乳粉,适合于0-6个月婴儿食用）进行矿物质含量的统计分析,为国家标准限量的修订和相关企业产品配方的调整提供参考。方法 抽取市售婴儿配方乳粉150批,对其中的12种矿物质元素进行检测,分析产品中各矿物质元素的分布规律,探讨与食品安全国家标准GB 10765-2010中限量要求、《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量（2013版）》（Dietary Reference Intakes, DRIs）中相关参考值的关系。结果 所有元素实际含量均满足我国食品安全国家标准的限量要求,但除铁外的11种矿物质含量均分布在标准限量范围的较低区间。与中国居民DRIs中给出的适宜摄入量（Appropriate Intake, AI）值比较,硒、铜、钾、钠、碘五种元素均有不同比例的样品不满足AI的要求。结论 目前市售婴儿配方乳粉存在矿物质元素不能满足婴儿生长发育需要的风险。建议国家结合欧盟等国外新修订婴儿配方食品标准,同时充分考虑新版DRIs的要求,尽快对食品安全国家标准进行修订。生产企业合理调整配方,使婴儿通过配方乳粉获得足够满足生长发育需要的矿物质元素。     

Isolation of Enterobacter sakazakii and other Enterobacteriaceae from powdered infant formula milk and related products

The presence of Enterobacter sakazakii and other Enterobacteriaceae was surveyed in 82 powdered infant formula milk (IFM) and 404 other food products. The presence of Ent. sakazakii was detected using the conventional method (growth on violet red bile glucose agar plus yellow pigment production on TSA) and a new chromogenic medium (Druggan–Forsythe–Iversen agar, DFI) which enables results to be obtained 2 days earlier than the conventional method. Ent. sakazakii was isolated from 2/82 powdered IFM, 5/49 dried infant foods, 3/72 milk powder, 2/62 cheese products and various dry food ingredients, especially herbs and spices (40/122). Ent. sakazakii was isolated from 67 samples using the DFI medium, however only 19 of the samples were positive following the conventional method. The largest difference in isolation between the two methods was with dry food ingredients.Although Enterobacteriaceae were enumerated from one powdered IFM sample (Klebsiella ozaenae, 200 cfu/g), 7/82 had detectable Enterobacteriaceae after enrichment in EE broth. Using the ISO 6579 2002 method and immuno-magnetic separation technique no Salmonella serovars were isolated from powdered IFM, dried infant foods or milk samples. Therefore hygienic production of powdered IFM and milk production as monitored by control of Salmonella and enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae did not control Ent. sakazakii.     

Feasibility of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as an at-line validation tool for calcium determination in infant formula

In this study, a 150 mJ laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) system was assessed to determine calcium content in infant formula (IF) samples. LIBS is a promising emission spectroscopic technique for elemental analysis, which offers advantages over conventional methods such as real-time analyses, little to no sample preparation and ease of use. The aim of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of LIBS as an at-line tool for IF manufacturing. To this end, IF mixtures with varying content of calcium were prepared over a range (approx. 1.5–7 mg/g of calcium) selected to be in conformity with the guidelines provided by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) was used as the reference method for mineral content determination in IF. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was applied to the LIBS spectral data to develop a calibration model for calcium content quantification. A validation approach was then carried out to investigate the robustness of the model, which showed a good fit with values of R²_cv of 0.90 for cross-validation and a R²_p 0.85 for external validation. Low values for root mean square errors of cross-validation (RMSECV) and prediction (RMSEP) of 0.62 mg/g and 0.68 mg/g were obtained. Furthermore, this study also illustrated the possibility of LIBS to provide mineral prediction maps as a useful tool for testing sample homogeneity.     

Element fractionation analysis for infant formula and food additives by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

Fractionation analyses are essential to investigate the effects of dietary constituents on bioavailability of elements. A sequential separation procedure has been applied for elemental fractionation patterns in infant formula, coffee cream, milk powder, whey powder and rice flour. The protein, lipid and serum fractions were separated successfully, and fractions were analysed for various essential (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Mg, Ca, Cr and Co) and nonessential (Ni, V, Al, Mo, Pb, Sn, Ba and Cd) elements by ICP‐OES. Basically, three main fractions namely protein, lipid and serum were separated. Organically bounded fraction was calculated from the sum of the element contents in protein and lipid fractions. The organically bounded fraction can be retained longer in the body than the other fractions, and its percentages of whole elements are between 3.8% and 92.2% in the samples. Additionally, the distribution tendency of each studied metal was variable, which is based on the sample characteristics and complexation reactivity of the metal. The organically bounded fraction for Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn is higher than the other elements in whole samples except whey powder. Investigated elements are basically included in ionic forms in whey powder. Additionally, Mg and Ca are usually observed as uncomplexed structures in the samples.     

国内外6～24月龄婴幼儿辅食营养包干预研究

目的对我国贫困地区推行6~24月龄婴幼儿辅食营养包干预项目的下一步研究提出建议。方法分析了国内外科学界采用试验流行病学等方法致力于婴幼儿辅食营养补充品的干预研究,将国内外辅食营养包营养素含量与世界卫生组织/联合国粮农组织(WHO/FAO)的推荐摄入量进行了比较。结果我国制定了含有蛋白质、钙、铁、锌以及维生素A、D、B_1、B_2的营养包,含量接近WHO/FAO推荐值,并已经覆盖了全国大部分省的贫困地区。结论我国的营养干预项目对婴幼儿营养状况具有改善效果,但需使用流行病学和统计学方法验证和拓展项目科学性和应用性。     

Comparison of Infant Car Seat grip orientations and lift strategies

The rear-facing Infant Car Seat (ICS) is designed to meet federal requirements for transporting children less than 1 year old. Typical use includes transfer in and out of a vehicle, which is shown to be a difficult lift. Despite the frequency of this lift, manufacturers provide little guidance for users. Review of relevant literature suggested an ICS featuring an angled handle, promoting a neutral wrist posture, would increase grip stability and decrease lifting effort. Popular press suggested a foot-in-car stance for the ICS lift would do the same. An experiment was conducted in which wrist deviations from neutral posture were recorded along with lifting muscle activation levels (multiple flexor muscles and biceps brachii) and overall perceived exertion for straight versus a new bent handle design and conventional stance versus foot-in-car. Foot position was examined to test the recommendations in the popular press. Surprisingly, wrist deviation was not significantly affected by the new bent handle design (due to compensatory behavior with the straight handle) but was related to foot placement (p=0.04). Results revealed the bent handle to significantly reduce flexor activation compared with the straight handle (p=0.0003); however, the level of biceps activation increased. Biceps activation also significantly increased for foot-in-car stance (p=0.035) but not flexor activation. In general, the bent handle enabled the user to lift the ICS with a steadier grip and less effort.     

长春地区冬季婴幼儿腹泻轮状病毒的流行趋势

对长春地区1987年冬季113份急性腹泻住院患儿粪便标本进行了聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)分析,有33份呈现典型的 A 组轮状病毒的核酸电泳图谱,检出率为29.3%。在33份阳性标本中,有32份为电泳长型(97%),1份为电泳短型;对1988年冬季57份标本分析,有17份呈现典型的 A 组轮状病毒图谱,检出率为29.8%。在17份阳性标本中,有13份为电泳长型(76.5%),4份为电泳短型;对1989年冬季45份标本分析,有25份呈现典型的 A 组轮状病毒图谱,检出率为55.6%。在25份阳性标本中,有18份为电泳长型(72.0%),7份为电泳短型。以上结果证实,在1987～1989年冬季长春地区轮状病毒流行的优势亚群均为电泳长型。根据电泳长型图谱中2、3和7、8片段迁移排列方式的微小差异,可以确定2～3种不同电泳图谱的存在。流行优势株的电泳图谱在3年中交替变化。     

Enzymatic Synthesis of Tyrosol-Based Phenolipids: Characterization and Effect of Alkyl Chain Unsaturation on the Antioxidant Activities in Bulk Oil and Oil-in-Water Emulsion

Oxidative stability of lipids is one of the most important parameters affecting their quality. Lipase‐catalyzed lipophilic tyrosyl esters with an equivalent carbon alkyl chain but different degrees of unsaturation (C18:0 to C18:4n3) were prepared, characterized, and used as antioxidants. Free fatty acids and fatty acid ethyl esters (substrate molar ratio tyrosol: acyl donor, 1:10) were used as acyl donors and immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica was the biocatalyst (10 %). The phenolipids were isolated and characterized using ESI–MS, ¹H‐NMR, and ¹³C‐NMR. Peroxide value (PV) and para‐anisidine value (p‐AV) were measured to evaluate their antioxidant activities in bulk oil structured lipid (SL) and in an oil‐in‐water emulsion (SL‐based infant formula). No significant difference was found in yield and reaction time between the two types of acyl donors. However, as the unsaturation of the fatty acids increased the reaction time also increased. In SL, tyrosyl esters exhibited lower antioxidant activity than tyrosol whereas the addition of an alkyl chain enhanced the antioxidant efficiency of tyrosol in infant formula. Tyrosyl oleate was the most efficient antioxidant in the emulsion system followed by tyrosyl stearate and tyrosyl linoleate. These results suggest that the synthesized phenolipids may be used as potential antioxidants in lipid‐based products.