The Effect of µ/m‐Calpain on Protein Degradation of Chicken Breast Meat

This study was designed to determine the effects of µ/m‐calpain on the degradation of cytoskeletal proteins in pectoralis major. Four chickens were slaughtered and the breasts were removed and stored for 12 hr at 4 °C. Each sample was divided into three groups and respectively immersed in control reagent, calpain inhibitor, and caspase inhibitor at 4 °C. The samples were used to evaluate troponin‐T and desmin degradation, calpain activity, and myofibril ultrastructure at 12 hr, day 1, day 3, and day 7. Casein zymography revealed that µ‐calpain could not be detected in all samples after 12 hr postmortem. The calpain inhibitor inhibited µ/m‐calpain activity and reduced troponin‐T and desmin degradation during 7 day postmortem. The caspase inhibitor inhibited µ/m‐calpain activity and, troponin‐T and desmin degradation before day 3 postmortem. The findings suggest that, µ/m‐calpain had an effect on cytoskeletal protein degradation after 12 hr postmortem.     

The decrease of lasalocid residue in the edible tissues by silymarin supplementation of chicken diet

Widespread use of coccidiostats, in spite of beneficial control of protozoan infections in poultry, implies a risk of residues in edible tissues, and there is increasing interest in the development of strategies for prevention of veterinary drugs residue in food-producing animals. The aim of this study is assigned to clarify the impact of silymarin addendum in the diet on lasalocid concentration in the liver and breast muscles from the broiler. Four groups of chickens received a feed with lasalocid at levels between 75 and 200 mg kg^?1. Other four groups received a feed with lasalocid (75–200 mg kg^?1) plus silymarin. Significant differences of lasalocid concentrations between the liver and breast muscles were observed. Moreover, the chickens from the groups supplemented with silymarin shown significant decreases of lasalocid concentrations in the analysed tissues. The herbal substance did not counteract the ionophore in the treatment of coccidiosis and did not change biochemical parameters of blood. These findings suggest that silymarin might be used in chicken feeding in order to reduce the risk from lasalocid contamination of the broiler edible tissues.     

不同品种鸡肉蒸煮挥发性风味成分比较研究

利用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(SPME-GC-MS)联用内标法对不同品种鸡肉的蒸煮挥发性风味物质进行定性定量分析,基于挥发性物质种类及含量差异,对鸡肉蒸煮主要风味物质进行主成分分析,并对品种进行聚类分析。同时利用电子鼻(E-nose)风味分析技术,对鸡品种进行种类区分。结果表明:10种蒸煮鸡肉共鉴定出72种挥发性物质,其中醛类20种、酮类7种、醇类11种、其它化合物34种,共有的挥发性风味物质19种。不同品种鸡肉相比,柴母鸡和乌鸡的挥发性风味物质种类较多,分别为49和46种;清远鸡和北京油鸡的醛类含量较高,分别为11785.47和11050.57 ng/g。主成分分析表明,蒸煮鸡肉主要挥发性物质为(E)-2-壬烯醛、(E)-2-辛烯醛、庚醇和2-癸酮。基于蒸煮鸡肉中挥发性风味物质种类和含量不同,可将10个品种鸡肉聚为两类。采用电子鼻分析技术,可将中国地方品种鸡与白羽肉鸡很好地区分。     

食品鲜度保持卡对冰温贮藏鸡胸肉品质特性的影响

为了延长鸡胸肉的保质期,本文研究了浸泡生姜精油后的食品鲜度保持卡对鸡胸肉在冰温贮藏期间色泽、pH、保水性、TVB-N值、TBARS值、菌落总数、电导率以及流变学特性的影响。结果表明:相对于单独冰温贮藏,放入食品鲜度保持卡能不同程度降低鸡胸肉的pH、菌落总数、TVB-N值以及电导率,有效地维持鸡胸肉的保水性,控制脂质氧化程度;流变学结果表明,放入食品鲜度保持卡后,能有效地维持鸡胸肉的凝胶特性,最终使鸡胸肉的保质期延长了3~9 d。其中放入4、6片食品鲜度保持卡对鸡胸肉的保鲜效果显著高于放入2片食品鲜度保持卡的处理(P<0.05)。另外在贮藏期间放入4、6片食品鲜度保持卡对鸡胸肉的滴水损失率、TVB-N值和电导率的影响仅在第24 d时出现显著性差异(P<0.05),其他指标均无显著差异(P>0.05)。最终结合经济因素等各方面综合考虑,在冰温贮藏期间,放入4片食品鲜度保持卡后能较好地维持鸡胸肉的品质,使鸡胸肉的保质期延长了9 d。     

超声协同次氯酸钠处理对冷藏鸡胸肉品质的影响

为降低鸡胸肉减菌过程中次氯酸钠的使用浓度,本研究采用了超声（300W、工作1s、停歇1s、总时间15 min）与次氯酸钠（30 mg/L）相结合的方式对鸡胸肉进行处理。通过对鸡胸肉冷藏（4 ℃）过程中菌落总数、pH值、色泽、嫩度、质构特性、保水性指标的测定,探讨了超声协同次氯酸钠（U/SH30处理）对鸡胸肉的减菌效果及冷藏过程中品质的影响。结果表明：与对照组（浸没在4 ℃预冷的90 mL无菌生理盐水中15 min的样品）相比,在冷藏第0天时,U/SH30处理对鸡胸肉的pH值、色泽、质构特性无显著影响（P＞0.05）,菌落总数显著下降（P＜0.05）,嫩度和保水性显著增大（P＜0.05）;在冷藏1～6 d,菌落总数、pH值、b*值、硬度和黏性显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）,弹性、L*值、a*值整体上显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。因此,超声协同次氯酸钠处理可以提高鸡胸肉的嫩度和保水性,并延长其保鲜期。     

营养鸡排的研制

本文介绍了营养鸡排的生产方法,即通过混合、成型、速冻等工艺,生产重量为44g±1g/块的鸡排。     

宰后冷却工艺对白条鸡肉品质的影响

采用L9(34)正交试验探讨宰后预冷温度、预冷时间、分割车间停留时间对白条鸡肉保水性的影响,采用L9(34)正交试验探讨预冷温度、预冷时间、次氯酸钠加入量对白条鸡胴体表面菌落总数以及大肠菌群的影响。结果表明：通过控制预冷温度、预冷时间及分割车间停留时间,可以提高白条鸡肉的保水性、减少血冰的生成量;通过控制预冷温度、预冷时间及次氯酸钠加入量,可以有效减少白条鸡胴体表面的菌落总数,抑制大肠菌群的生长繁殖。各因素对保水率、失水率的影响程度均为预冷温度＞预冷时间＞分割车间停留时间;提高保水性的最佳工艺条件为预冷温度(15℃,8℃)、预冷时间35min、分割车间停留时间30min;控制失水率的最佳工艺条件为预冷温度(10℃,4℃)、预冷时间30min、分割车间停留时间40min。各因素对感官质量(血冰)的影响程度为预冷温度＞分割车间停留时间＞预冷时间,控制血冰的最佳工艺条件为预冷温度(10℃,4℃)、预冷时间30min、分割车间停留时间25min。各因素对菌落总数、大肠菌群的影响程度为预冷温度＞次氯酸钠加入量＞预冷时间,最佳工艺条件为预冷温度(10℃,4℃)、次氯酸钠加入量80mg/kg、预冷时间30min。     

二丁基羟基甲苯对调理鸡肝贮藏过程中抗氧化效果的影响

研究调理肉制品在贮藏过程中的脂肪氧化情况以及不同添加水平的二丁基羟基甲苯(BHT)的抗氧化效果。以调理鸡肝为试材,BHT 添加量分别为0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20g/kg 处理鸡肝,然后在冻藏条件下贮藏,通过测定其在不同贮藏时期的酸价、过氧化值和硫代巴比妥酸值判定其脂肪氧化的程度及BHT 的抗氧化效果。结果表明：除BHT 添加量0.20g/kg 组外,其他各组脂肪氧化主要开始于贮藏第15 天,之后脂肪氧化产物发生不同程度的分解;4 个处理组中,BHT 添加量0.20g/kg 可有效抑制过氧化值增长,BHT 添加量0.15g/kg 可有效减少脂肪氧化产物的分解。BHT 在调理鸡肝贮藏过程中有较好的抗氧化效果。     

鸡骨的综合加工利用

对鸡骨的营养特性进行了分析,阐明鸡骨是一种有开发前景的食品资源,对鸡骨的加工利用途径进行了综述,对鸡骨的综合利用提出了建议.     

Comparative study on physicochemical and functional properties of egg powders from Japanese quail and white Leghorn chicken

Physicochemical and functional properties of freeze-dried egg powders (egg white, egg yolk, and whole egg) from Japanese quail and white Leghorn chicken were studied comparatively. All egg powders had protein content in the range of 91.13–97.03 g/100 g powder. The quail egg powder had higher mineral and essential amino acid contents, but lower fat content as compared to chicken egg powders (P < 0.05). Moreover, egg white powder from both quail and chicken presented higher total amino acids content than corresponding whole egg and egg yolk powders, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study revealed that β-sheet is the major secondary structure of all egg powders. Based on differential scanning calorimetry analysis, quail egg powders showed slightly lower denaturation temperatures than corresponding chicken egg powders (P < 0.05). Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis study showed the slight difference in protein patterns of corresponding quail and chicken egg powders. The quail egg powders presented higher protein solubility than corresponding chicken egg powders at all pH tested. Furthermore, quail egg powders exhibited higher emulsion activity index and emulsion stability index with higher foam expansion and stability than the corresponding chicken egg powders. Therefore, Japanese quail egg powders could be used as an alternative to white Leghorn chicken egg in the preparation of foods and diets that require high protein content with positive health benefits.