Classification of metabolic and respiratory demands in fire fighting activity with extreme workloads

Fire fighting work comprises work tasks requiring an energy yield at maximal or close to maximal levels of the individual. Due to the very nature of fire fighting more complex physiological variables are difficult to measure. We measured metabolic and respiratory responses in 15 male, professional fire fighters during simulated work tasks on a test ground. Work time was on the average 22 min with individual components of work tasks lasting 2-4 min. The mean oxygen consumption for the whole exercise (22 min) was 2.75+/-0.29 l/min. The most demanding work task demanded an oxygen uptake of 3.55+/-0.27 l/min. Corresponding values for respiratory minute volumes were 82+/-14 and 102+/-14l/min, respectively. Heart rates averaged 168+/-12 for the whole test and 179+/-13 beats/min for the heaviest work task. Two new classes for classification of intensive and exhausting, short term physical work are proposed for inclusion in ISO8996 and values for relevant parameters are proposed.     

Evaluation of thermal conductivity from temperature profiles

A new dynamic technique for the measurement of thermal conductivity is being developed at IMGC. The experiment consists in bringing the specimen to high temperatures with a current pulse and in measuring the temperature profiles during the free cooling period. Different techniques can be used to extract the information on thermal conductivity from the profiles. The numerical computation of thermal conductivity from the experimental temperature profiles in absolute space is possible, but it is difficult and cumbersome because one must know and take into the account the exact position of the infinitesimal elements of the specimen in different profiles. Computations in tube-space (a fictitious space where no thermal expansion occurs) are simpler and lead to less complex numerical computations. Complementary techniques to evaluate thermal conductivity as a function of temperature or at constant temperature are presented with a discussion of advantages and disadvantages of each method. Computer simulations have tested the precision of the complex software. Numerically generated temperature profiles from known thermophysical properties have been obtained and thermal conductivity has been recomputed from the profiles. The relative difference using different computational approaches and different fitting functions is always less than 0.1%.Paper presented at the Third Workshop on Subsecond Thermophysics, September 17–18, 1992, Graz, Austria.     

Metabolic cost and subjective assessment of palletizing and subsequent recovery

Twenty-one male blue collar workers repeatedly lifted (palletized) a box weighing 22 kg six times min^-1 for 5 min to a shelf of fixed height. The experimental conditions included two planes of lifting (symmetries), two shelf clearances, and three headrooms. The metabolic (heart rate, caloric cost and ventilation volume) and psychophysical variables (rate of perceived exertion, RPE; visual analogue score, VAS; and body part discomfort ratings, BPDR) were measured during resting, palletization, and recovery phases. In palletization the heart rate and metabolic cost ranged between 25 to 35% of the maximal aerobic capacity. Of the three factors only headroom had a significant effect on metabolic cost (p < 0.02) and the BPDR for low back (p < 0.05). In the recovery phase only headroom had significantly effect (p < 0.001) on metabolic cost. The metabolic recovery took 10 min; however, recovery measured through psychophysical indices appeared to continue for 20 min.     

河道形态特征的随机分形模拟

应用随机分形理论中的一维和二维RMD模型,在给定平面区域上生成了不同分形维数、粗糙程度及分辨率的河道剖面轮廓及床面形态。结果表明:不同分形维数的河道剖面轮廓或床面形态具有相似的微观粗糙结构,且随着分形维数的增大,结构复杂程度提高,粗糙度的峰谷位置不变,但各点的幅值将发生不同程度的变化。     

Metabolic costs of load carriage with different container sizes

Abstract

Six well-trained male subjects carried boxes of varying box width and weight at varying speeds on a level treadmill until steady-state heart rates were obtained. Analysis of the steady-state data for heart rate and metabolic cost led to development of highly accurate predictor models for both factors. The metabolic-cost model accounted for over 94% of the variance (R²>0·94), and the heart-rate model accounted for over 81% of the variance present (R²>0·81). Evaluation of other models for predicting physiological response to carrying loads found their predictions to differ significantly from the data of the present study.     

Expert systems in ergonomics: requirements and an approach

Abstract

Industry currently fails to derive maximum benefit from ergonomics. This is mainly due to an imbalance between the large amount of ergonomie knowledge available and the limited amount actually applied. The use of the methodology of expert systems in ergonomics is one possibility for reducing this imbalance. This paper presents basic requirements for the development of expert systems. The particular requirements for the application of expert systems in ergonomics are also derived. Finally, the stage of development of an expert system for assessing lifting and carrying tasks is presented, and practical examples for the application of the system are discussed.     

基因微阵列数据中的聚类技术研究

微阵列技术是后基因时代功能基因组研究的主要工具。由于采用了高效的并行杂交技术,每次实验可以得到大量丰富的数据,因此其结果分析成为一项很有挑战性而且具有重要意义的工作。聚类分析是微阵列数据分析中使用最为广泛的一类方法。微阵列实验得到的大量数据通过聚类分析,可以得到很多有用的信息,其成功应用已广泛涉及到基因功能研究和生物医学研究中的各个领域。文中介绍了基因微阵列数据的聚类分析方法及其重要应用。     

Effect of electric charge accumulation on low energy ion implantation in insulators

Charge accumulation at the surface of insulators during low energy ion implantation is related to two processes: ion impinging on the sample and secondary electron emission. Samples composed of a piece of Si (having the size of the ion beam) fixed on the centre of polyethylene (PE) coupons have been implanted with 2.2 keV H₂ ions to a fluence of 2 × 10¹⁶ H/cm². ERD (Elastic Recoil Detection) depth profiles of the implanted ions are shallower with an increase of the PE coupon size. The relative critical Si/PE size to repel all the incident ions is around 1.1 × 1.1 cm²/2.5 × 2.5 cm². The potential of the secondary electron suppressor has been varied from −500 V to +500 V. It changes the secondary electron distribution around the implanted area and, consequently, affects the accumulation of charges at the sample surface. When the potential is 0 V, a uniform ion implantation with little effect of charge accumulation for all sizes of PE coupons is obtained. A two-dimension model has been performed and gives a good explanation for the mechanism of the electric charge neutralisation.     

基于隐式反馈的个人信息检索技术及实现

回顾了已有的相关反馈技术，在此基础上提出了构造和调整用户兴趣模型的隐式反馈算法，给出了一个基于隐式反馈的lnfoAgent的设计实现和实验结果，实验表明隐式反馈技术对提高检索精度有很大的帮助。     

提高铝合金型材表面质量的措施

从原材料、挤压工艺、模具和搬运等几个方面详细分析了影响型材表面质量的因素．并提出了提高铝型材表面质量的一些方法。