Long-Term Measures of Dyslipidemia,Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress in Rats Fed a High-Fat/High-Fructose Diet

Inflammation and oxidative stress are thought to be involved in, or associated with, the development of obesity, dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and insulin resistance. This work was designed to determine the evolution of inflammation and oxidative stress during onset and progression of hepatic steatosis and glucose intolerance. Seventy-five male Wistar rats were divided to control and high-fat high-fructose (HFHFr) groups. A subgroup of each group was sacrificed at 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks. HFHFr-fed rats exhibited overweight, glucose intolerance, and hepatic steatosis with increased contents of hepatic diacylglycerols and ceramides. The HFHFr diet increased hepatic interleukin 6 (IL-6) protein and adipose tissue CCL5 gene expression and hepatic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity but not mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The HFHFr diet decreased plasma and liver levels of isoprostanoid metabolites as well as plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) levels. Hepatic glutathione content was decreased with a moderate decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) with the HFHFr diet. Overall, HFHFr diet led to hepatic lipid accumulation and glucose intolerance, which were accompanied by only moderate inflammation and oxidative stress. Most of these changes occurred at the same time and as early as 8 or 12 weeks of diet treatment. This implies that oxidative stress may be the result, not the cause, of these metabolic alterations, and suggests that marked hepatic oxidative stress should probably occur at the end of the steatotic stage to result in frank insulin resistance and steatohepatitis. These findings need to be further evaluated in other animal species as well as in human studies.     

Egg Consumption Modulates HDL Lipid Composition and Increases the Cholesterol-Accepting Capacity of Serum in Metabolic Syndrome

We recently demonstrated that daily whole egg consumption during moderate carbohydrate restriction leads to greater increases in plasma HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and improvements in HDL profiles in metabolic syndrome (MetS) when compared to intake of a yolk-free egg substitute. We further investigated the effects of this intervention on HDL composition and function, hypothesizing that the phospholipid species present in egg yolk modulate HDL lipid composition to increase the cholesterol-accepting capacity of subject serum. Men and women classified with MetS were randomly assigned to consume either three whole eggs (EGG, n = 20) per day or the equivalent amount of egg substitute (SUB, n = 17) throughout a 12-week moderate carbohydrate-restricted (25–30 % of energy) diet. Relative to other HDL lipids, HDL-cholesteryl ester content increased in all subjects, with greater increases in the SUB group. Further, HDL-triacylglycerol content was reduced in EGG group subjects with normal baseline plasma HDL-C, resulting in increases in HDL-CE/TAG ratios in both groups. Phospholipid analysis by mass spectrometry revealed that HDL became enriched in phosphatidylethanolamine in the EGG group, and that EGG group HDL better reflected sphingomyelin species present in the whole egg product at week 12 compared to baseline. Further, macrophage cholesterol efflux to EGG subject serum increased from baseline to week 12, whereas no changes were observed in the SUB group. Together, these findings suggest that daily egg consumption promotes favorable shifts in HDL lipid composition and function beyond increasing plasma HDL-C in MetS.     

异种铝合金摩擦塞补焊工艺与组织性能

采用顶锻式摩擦塞补焊方法,以2219-T6铝合金为塞棒材料,分别对8 mm厚2024-T3和7075-T6两种铝合金FSW接头进行了摩擦塞补焊试验研究,深入探讨了不同焊接压力下塞补焊接头的微观组织、显微硬度、力学性能及断口形貌特征. 结果表明,塞棒和母材或FSW焊缝是由等轴晶进行过渡,获得了紧密结合的接头,热力影响区和热影响区晶粒发生长大. 整个塞补焊接头塞棒区软化最严重,硬度在85 ~ 95 HV之间. 2024铝合金塞补焊接头抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别达到了母材的70%和65%以上,7075铝合金塞补焊接头抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别达到了母材的62%和48%以上. 塞补焊接头断裂模式为韧性特征.     

隔热铝型材检验标准在生产中的应用

分析了隔热铝型材检验标准对复合前型材的要求,提出了切合实际的分解方法。     

非接触式表面微观形貌光学测量技术的进展

本文简述非接触表面微观形貌测量技术的发展概况,并对几种新型干涉测量仪器的工作原理和作了简单介绍。     

代谢性骨病骨显像特点探讨

为提高骨显像对临床上各种骨疾患的鉴别诊断能力,本文回顾分析了代谢性骨病在骨显像上的特征表现.临床确诊的142例共6种代谢性骨病:其中甲状旁腺功能亢进症117例;肾性骨病4例;畸形性骨炎16例;成人骨软骨病2例;石骨症2例,脆骨病1例.142例代谢性骨病的骨显像结果可分为四种类型:全身骨摄取显像剂增加(I型);局部骨摄取显像剂增加(Ⅱ型);全身+局部骨摄取显像剂增加(Ⅲ型)和正常骨显像图(Ⅳ型).部分甲旁亢、石骨症、脆骨病和肾性骨病骨显像表现为I型;畸形性骨炎、成人低血磷软骨病和部分甲旁亢骨显像表现为Ⅱ型;表现为I型的代谢骨病患者发生病理性骨折或继发局部骨病变时骨显像表现为Ⅲ型.Ⅳ型骨显像仅发现在早期甲旁亢的患者.各种类型在异常显像骨的部位、骨显像病灶的形状、摄取显像剂的程度等方面均有自身特点,根据这些特点再结合病史及X线结果可有助与骨肿瘤加以区别.     

拉萨河城区中段水面线计算

拉萨河城区中段防洪工程于2002—2006年分步实施,工程建成后,拉萨河城区段防洪标准从10 a一遇提高到100 a一遇。设计中通过采用北京市水利规划设计研究院自主开发的一维天然河道水面曲线计算程序进行水面线计算,弥补了二维水力学物理模型的不足,对拉萨河城区段流态及水面线等进行了研究,为工程设计提供了较为准确的水面线数据,并与物理模型相结合,二者取长补短,对太阳岛和仙足岛现状和规划工况下不同堤线等多方案进行比选,优化分析并论证了工程设计方案。     

Experimental and theoretical study of density jumps on smooth and rough beds

Hydraulic jumps in density currents are technically referred to density jumps. These jumps significantly influence the dynamic and quality characteristics of the gravity currents. The density jump is studied theoretically and experimentally in this study by considering the bed roughness. Experiments were performed in a rectangular laboratory flume (0.4 m width; 0.9 m depth; 8.3 m length). Four rough beds comprised of closely packed gravel particles glued onto the horizontal part of the bed were examined. For both smooth and rough beds, a simple relationship was obtained for estimating the conjugate depth ratio as a function of the relative roughness and the upstream densimetric Froude number. The conjugate depth ratio was found to decrease with increasing relative roughness. The results also indicated that, if the entrainment ratio is specified, the minimum value of the upstream densimetric Froude number increases with increasing relative bed roughness. An equation for calculating the maximum possible value of the relative roughness was also determined. The spatial development of the density current for smooth beds was analysed in both super‐critical and sub‐critical flow regimes. Good similarity collapses of velocity and concentration profiles were obtained for the super‐critical section just upstream of the jump. The concentration distributions located just downstream of the jump, however, exhibited a large scattering of measured data, especially near the bed. It was found that this scattering decreases with the distance from the end of the jump. The results of the experimental runs also indicated that, at a distance about nine times the post‐jump current thickness from the end of the jump, the non‐dimensional vertical profile of mean velocity has a shape similar to that at the pre‐jump section. A new reliable relationship was also proposed for calculating the local velocity inside both the wall and jet regions.     

Self Organising Maps for variable selection: Application to human saliva analysed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate the effect of an oral healthcare product

SOMs (Self Organising Maps) are derived from the machine learning literature and serve as a valuable method for representing data. In this paper, the use of SOMs as a technique for determining the most significant variables (or markers) in a dataset is described. The method is applied to the NMR spectra of 96 human saliva samples, half of which have been treated with an oral rinse formulation and half of which are controls, and 49 variables consisting of bucketed intensities. In addition, three simulations, two of which consist of the same number of samples and variables as the experimental dataset and a third that contains a much larger number of variables, are described. Two of the simulations contain known discriminatory variables, and the remaining is treated as a null dataset without any specific discriminatory variables added. The described SOM method is contrasted to Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis, and a list of the markers determined to be most significant using both approaches was obtained and the differences arising are discussed. A SOM Discrimination Index (SOMDI) is defined, whose magnitude relates to how strongly a variable is considered to be a discriminator. In order to ensure that the model is stable and not dependent on the random starting point of the SOM, one hundred iterations were performed and variables that were consistently of high rank were selected. A variety of approaches for data representation are illustrated, and the main theoretical principles of employing SOMs for determining which variables are most significant are outlined. Software used in this paper was written in-house, allowing greater flexibility over existing packages, and tailored for the specific application in hand.