Application of Modified Lignosulfonates in Adhesives for Insulation Board Manufacture Based on Mineral Wool

Extensive laboratory investigations and mill scale trials confirmed the applicability of ultrafiltrated high molecular weight Ca-ligno-sulfonates in adhesive composition with phenolic resin for insulation board manufacture based on mineral wool. Insulation materials produced with adhesive components with a formulation of lignosulfonate/PF resin between 10/90 and 30/70 have appropriate technical and commercial properties.     

Vitrification of a waste water flocculate from a petroleum catalyst manufacturer

Chemical and mineral compositions of a waste water flocculate generated in a manufacturer producing fluidized-bed catalytic cracking catalysts were analyzed. The flocculate was then calcined at 1200–1350 °C. X-ray diffraction analysis results indicate that the flocculate can be directly vitrified at 1350 °C without the addition of any other ingredients. The density and chemical durability of the directly vitrified product are comparable with commercial soda-lime-silicate glasses. However, the viscosity of directly vitrified glass melt was very high. Thus, the refining and shaping of the glass melt were difficult. With the addition of minerals such as limestone, dolomite and fluorite, workable glasses could be formed. The influence of MgO on the structure and properties of the obtained glasses is discussed. Results show that the density and hardness of the glass increase with the increase of MgO, whereas the chemical durability, transition and crystallization temperatures decrease. The present study provides a general way to utilize waste water flocculates in glass production.     

Mineral admixtures in mortars effect of type, amount and fineness of fine constituents on compressive strength

This work is the third part of an overall project the aim of which is the development of general mix design rules for concrete containing different kinds of mineral admixtures (also named mineral additions or mineral constituents). It deals with the compressive strength of mortars made with up to 75% of crushed quartz, limestone filler or fly ash of different fineness. The paper presents all the experimental results as a sort of database and emphasizes the effects on strength of the nature, amount and fineness of mineral admixtures. For short hydration times (1 to 2 days), the nature of mineral admixture is not a significant parameter, as mortars containing the same amount of different kinds of admixtures having equivalent fineness present similar strengths. For long hydration times (up to 6 months), the excess strength due to fly ash pozzolanic activity is quantified by the difference between the strengths of mortars containing the same proportions of inert and pozzolanic admixtures with the same fineness. In the case of inert mineral admixtures, the increase in strength with the fineness of mineral admixtures cannot be explained by the filler effect, but can be attributed to the physical effect of heterogeneous nucleation. In the next part of this work, these results will be used for the elaboration of an empirical model leading to the quantification of both physical and chemical effects. This model presents strong similarities with the previous model based on calorimetric results.     

Thermodynamic assessment of iron and the expansion behavior of porous ceramsite in pure mineral systems relating to solid waste components

Herein, Factsage software and sintering experiment were conducted to predict and correlate thermodynamic calculations of Fe in a synthetic solid waste and the expansion behavior of ceramsite. With the increase of Fe₂O₃ content, the liquid phase content and viscosity in the multi-component system gradually decreased and the melting temperature range became wider. This can match with the generation of the liquid phase with proper viscosity in the ceramsite and the full expansion properties. At 400–1000 °C, iron as a network former was tetrahedrally coordinated with oxygen to form Hercynite (Al₂FeO₄) phase; at 1180–1200 °C, iron as a network modifier dissolved into the silicate mineral structure to form the eutectic composition of Diopside (Ca₄Mg_3.62Fe_0.78Si_7.6O₂₄) and Ferrosolite (Si₁₆Mg_5.09Fe_10.66Ca_0.26O₄₈). The formation of iron-bearing silicate facilitated the generation of the viscous layer, so that the outer layer of the ceramsite exhibited sealing performance. Finally, a preferable porous ceramsite with compressive strength of 10.7 MPa and an apparent density of 708 kg/m³ was obtained. This study analyzes the effect of Fe₂O₃ on the expansion behavior of porous ceramsite and provides new insight into how to analyze different solid wastes to produce ceramsite in a predictable way.     

An investigation on the heterogeneous nature of mineral matters in Assam (India) coal by CCSEM technique

This is a very first preliminary investigation on the distribution of heterogeneous nature of mineral matter in one of the industrially important Assam (India) pulverized coal using computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM). The results show that clay minerals, quartz, pyrite, and pyrrhotite form the bulk of the mineral matter. Minor minerals, such as calcite, dolomite, ankerite, barite, oxidized pyrrhotite, and gypsum, are also observed in the sample. The particle size distribution (PSD) of the included minerals is generally observed to be finer than that of the excluded ones in the coal. As a consequence, the coal rich in included minerals has more small mineral particles, which may affect its reactivity. Regarding the association of individual mineral species, the proportion of included to excluded is found to be higher in major cases. With regard to the modes of occurrence of major inorganic elements, it is found that Si mostly occurs as quartz and clay minerals, while Al mostly occurs as silicate minerals. Fe is primarily present as iron sulfides, iron oxide, and Fe-Al-silicate. S is partitioned into iron sulfides and gypsum. Most Ca occurs as carbonates and gypsum, with a minor fraction associated with clay minerals. Mg is mainly present as dolomite and clay minerals, with a very minor fraction present as ankerite. The majority of alkali elements are associated with aluminosilicates. P is mostly associated with kaolinite and/or present as more complex compounds containing Al, Si, and other elements as apatite is found to be absent in the coal studied. Ti is mainly present as rutile and kaolinite.     

Gasification of waste biomass chars by carbon dioxide via thermogravimetry. Part I: Effect of mineral matter

A series of carbon dioxide gasification tests of waste biomass chars were performed in a thermogravimetric analysis system, at non-isothermal heating conditions. The effects of the inorganic constituents of the fuels on thermal conversion characteristics were examined. Reaction rates were determined by developing a power law model.The bulk of char gasification process occurred between 800 and 950 °C. Maximum reaction rate and conversion were exhibited by waste paper char, due to its higher surface area.Inherent alkaline and alkaline earth carbonates and sulphates acted as catalysts, by increasing the reactivity of the fuels in carbon dioxide and causing their degradation to start at lower temperatures (60-75 °C).The kinetic model fitted the experimental results accurately. Activation energy values and reaction order ranged from 180 to 370 kJ/mol and 0.4 to 0.6, respectively, among the chars, indicating a chemically controlled process.     

Normalized age applied to AAR occurring in concretes with or without mineral admixtures

This paper presents a method for assessing the normalized age factors, which allow accelerated alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR) tests performed at various temperatures (20, 40 and 60 °C) to be related to the conditions encountered in situ in concrete structures. The evaluation of normalized age factors is based on the comparison of many experimental results taken from the literature concerning laboratory tests and in situ measurements. The use of these factors permits us to evaluate, from the results of an accelerated test performed at 60 °C, the protection time against AAR that could be expected for in situ concretes containing mineral admixtures (silica fume and fly ashes). The results show that, in addition to the inhibitory action of mineral admixtures leading to a strong decrease in the final AAR-swelling, the protection against abnormal expansion caused by AAR increases significantly when mineral admixtures are used. Abnormal expansion is expected at 2-4 years for plain concrete compared to 7-50 years for concrete with mineral admixtures.     

Quantitative X-ray powder diffraction analysis of clay minerals in Australian coals using Rietveld methods

The mineralogy of clay-rich mineral matter isolated from a range of Australian bituminous coals has been evaluated in quantitative terms from X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns using a Rietveld-based data processing technique. The chemical composition of coal ash derived from this mineral matter has been calculated and compared to the directly determined composition of the ash prepared from the same coal samples. Although there are some minor differences due in part to uncertainty regarding the actual composition of several minerals, the compositions indicated by the two methods show a relatively high correlation, suggesting that the Rietveld technique provides mineralogical analyses that are consistent with independently determined chemical data. Comparison of the normalised clay mineral percentages from the Rietveld analysis to quantitative interpretations based on a peak intensities in glycolated and heat-treated oriented aggregates of the respective clay fractions also shows a high correlation, confirming mutual consistency of the two different mineralogical analysis methods. Such quantitative mineralogical data are significant to a range of coal exploration, mining and utilization activities, including seam correlation, material handling and ash and slag formation in combustion processes.     

从透辉石的结构特征探析其在陶瓷中的应用

透辉石为典型的热液接触变质矿物，系花岗岩浆与钙质白云岩接触交代的产物。多呈针柱状、柱粒状结构，富含SiO2、CaO、MgO，热性能好、烧失量低、资源丰富，是生产墙地砖的优质原料。含铁低的透辉石亦可用来生产日用细瓷，具有产品成本低、外观性能好、透光度高、机械强度高、热稳定性好等特点。     

Ozonated Mineral Oil: Preparation,Characterization and Evaluation of the Microbicidal Activity

The ozonation of vegetable oils has been studied, since the produced ointments have antibacterial and fungicidal activities. However, the ozonation of mineral oils has not been reported in the literature yet, opening an interesting field for examination. In this work, we have shown the ozonation of a commercial mineral oil (Nujol). The main goal was to produce oils containing free ozone, so that this gas could act as antimicrobial agent. It was found that in Nujol, ozone remains for at least 40 days and in the sample ozonized for 15 h its concentration was 7.5 mg mL^?1. Neat Nujol showed no antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms, however, when ozonated it showed antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.