Comparative aroma and taste profiles of oil furu (soybean curd) fermented with different mucor strains

The effects of different mucor strains (Mucor racemosus, Actinomucor, and Mucor wutungkiao) on aroma and taste profiles based on proteolysis, lipolysis, and their catabolism in oil furu were studied. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and relative odor activity were used to monitor the changes of key volatile compounds and the differences in the characteristic aroma contents of oil furu. Using principal component analysis, the different fermentation strains had an effect on aroma profiles. The volatile compounds from metabolism of protein and fatty acid contributed to the aroma of oil furu with different contribution from the different strains, presumably due to their different enzymes. The electronic tongue and free amino acid profiles also showed strain differences of taste. Based on these results, optimization of the amount of each of the different mucor strains during cofermentation might achieve better flavor.     

Modifications of butter stearin by blending and interesterification for better utilization in edible fat products

This work primarily aims to further modify the stearin fractions, obtained from anhydrous milk fat, after fractionation by dry process and by solvent process using isopropanol, for extending their scope of utilization in edible fat products. Butter stearin fractions, on blending with liquid oils like sunflower oil and soybean oil in different proportions, offer nutritionally important fat products with enriched content of essential fatty acids like C_18∶2 and C_18∶3. The butter stearin fraction from isopropanol fractionation, when interesterified with individual liquid oils by Mucor miehei lipase as a catalyst, yields fat products having desirable properties in making melange spread fat products with reasonable content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and almost zero trans fatty acid content.     

Effect of extraction methods on lipid yield and fatty acid composition of lipid classes containing γ-linolenic acid extracted from fungi

The effect of extraction procedures on the lipid yield and fatty acid composition of total lipid and main lipid structures (phospholipids, diacylglycerols, triacylglycerols, free fatty acids, and sterol esters) of fungal biomass (Mucor mucedo CCF-1384) containing γ-linolenic acid (GLA) was investigated. Seventeen extraction methods, divided into three groups, were tested: six with chloroform/methanol, five with hexane/alcohols, and six with common solvents or mixtures. The chloroform/methanol procedure (2∶1) was selected as standard, where lipid yield (TL/DCW, total lipid per dry cell weight) was 17.8%, considered to be 100% of lipids present. All chloroform/methanol extractions yielded more than 83% recorvey of lipids. Use of hexane/isopropanol solvent systems led to a maximum of 75% recovery. The best lipid yield was achieved by a two-step extraction with ethanol and hexane (120%). Extraction efficiency of the other solvent systems reached a maximum of 73%. Triacylglycerols were the main structures of lipid isolated; only methanol-extracted lipid contained 58.5% phospholipids. The fatty acid content of total recovered lipid was variable and depended on both the lipid class composition and the solvent system. GLA concentrations in total lipids isolated by hexane/alcohol procedures (7.3–10.7%) are comparable with classical chloroform/methanol systems (6.5–10.0%). The maximal GLA yield was obtained with chloroform/methanol/n-butanol/water/0.1 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (2∶1∶1∶1∶0.1, by vol) and after two-step extraction with ethanol and hexane (14.3 and 13.7 g GLA/kg DCW, respectively). The highest GLA content was analyzed in the phospholipid fraction (16.1%) after using chloroform/methanol/n-butanol/water/0.1 M EDTA (2∶1∶1∶1∶0.1, by vol). Remarkably low concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids were determined in the free fatty acid fraction.     

毛霉固态发酵豆渣条件的研究

通过单因素和正交试验,研究了利用毛霉进行豆渣固态发酵的条件。结果表明,毛霉固态发酵豆渣的最适条件为豆渣初始水分含量75%左右,氯化钠含量1%,培养温度28℃,培养时间48h。发酵后豆渣蛋白酶活力能达到600U/g,粗蛋白含量由19.76%增加到22.96%,增加了3.2%,氨基酸态氮含量由0.26%增加到1.45%,提高了约4.5倍。发酵后豆渣不但营养价值得到了有效改善,同时由于微生物作用,豆渣中的粗纤维颗粒得到有效细化,发酵后豆渣口感细腻,无豆腥味,食用加工性能得到很好改善。     

一株毛霉菌产脂肪酶特性及发酵条件研究

文中观察了一株产脂肪酶毛霉(Mucor sp.)菌株在橄榄油罗丹明B鉴定平板上的菌落形态,对其产脂肪酶进行了酶学特性研究,并探讨了该菌株产脂肪酶的发酵条件,优化了产酶发酵培养基和产酶发酵条件,得出了该菌产酶的最佳发酵条件为以1%全脂大豆粉为氮源,1%玉米浆为碳源,添加0.5%橄榄油和0.1% Tween-80,控制起始pH值为6.0.     

Medium-chain fatty acid-rich glycerides by chemical and lipase-catalyzed polyester-monoester interchange reaction

Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) that contain caprylic acid (C_8:0) and capric acid (C_10:0) have immense medicinal and nutritional importance. Coconut oil can be used as a starting raw material for the production of MCT. The process, based on the interchange reaction between triglycerides and methyl esters of medium-chain fatty acids by chemical catalyst (sodium methoxide) or lipase (Mucor miehei) catalyst, appears to be technically feasible. Coconut oils with 25–28.3% (w/w) and 22.1–25% (w/w) medium-chain fatty acids have been obtained by chemical and lipase-catalyzed interchange reactions. Coconut olein has also been modified with C_8:0 and C_10:0 fatty acids, individually as well as with their mixtures, by chemical and lipase-catalyzed interchange reactions. Coconut olein is a better raw material than coconut oil for production of mediumchain fatty acid-rich triglyceride products by both chemical and lipase-catalyzed processes.     

高大毛霉制取果胶酶发酵条件实验

对高大毛霉(Mucor mucedo)制取果胶酶的发酵条件和酶的基本性质进行了研究. 发酵培养基组成为(g/L)：小麦麸皮50，葵盘粉30，(NH4)2SO4 30，KH2PO4 2.5，MgSO4×7H2O 0.5，NaNO3 0.2，FeSO4×7H2O 0.01. 在培养温度30℃、初始pH 5.7、转速240 r/min条件下摇瓶培养3 d，酶活力达到275 U/ml. 该酶最适pH为5.0，最适作用温度为40℃，在pH为3.0~7.0范围内稳定.     

Genetic Manipulation in Mucorales and New Developments to Study Mucormycosis

The study of the Mucoralean fungi physiology is a neglected field that the lack of effective genetic tools has hampered in the past. However, the emerging fungal infection caused by these fungi, known as mucormycosis, has prompted many researchers to study the pathogenic potential of Mucorales. The main reasons for this current attraction to study mucormycosis are its high lethality, the lack of effective antifungal drugs, and its recent increased incidence. The most contemporary example of the emergence character of mucormycosis is the epidemics declared in several Asian countries as a direct consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Fortunately, this pressure to understand mucormycosis and develop new treatment strategies has encouraged the blossoming of new genetic techniques and methodologies. This review describes the history of genetic manipulation in Mucorales, highlighting the development of methods and how they allowed the main genetic studies in these fungi. Moreover, we have emphasized the recent development of new genetic models to study mucormycosis, a landmark in the field that will configure future research related to this disease.     

梨形毛霉蛋白酶在大豆多肽制备中的应用

本文研究了腐乳生产菌种梨形毛霉所产蛋白酶对大豆分离蛋白的降解条件,并分析了酶解产物的疏水性、分子量分布及氨基酸组成。结果表明该蛋白酶酶促降解大豆分离蛋白的最佳条件是温度45℃、反应时间5h、pH6.0、酶用量750U;在此条件下制备的大豆肽经质谱检测其分子量在1000D左右,完全符合大豆肽产品的要求;经品尝,该产品无任何苦涩味,色泽淡黄,无需脱盐处理,可直接调配成酸性蛋白肽饮料。     

航天酱油酿造过程中微生物学研究

该文测定了以航天诱变黑曲霉、毛霉和米曲霉混合制曲,天然晒露,自然共酵,高盐稀态酿造生抽的微生物区系变化情况.试验证明了细菌、放线菌、酵母菌都有一定的耐盐性,细菌在食盐含量12%、14%、16%的情况下,分别增加了32.4倍、25倍和20倍,放线菌分别增加了5倍、4.6倍和1.8倍,酵母菌分别增加了1001倍、658倍和4.78倍.这3类微生物是生抽酱酯突出,香味协调,个性明显的生物基础.而霉菌类不耐盐,数量都有所下降,却是提高生抽转化率的生物基础.