超声波提取花椒皮总黄酮工艺及其抗氧化性研究

以花椒为原料,采用超声波辅助法提取花椒果皮中的总黄酮,在单因素试验基础上设计正交试验研究提取最佳工艺条件。结果表明:花椒果皮总黄酮超声提取的最佳工艺条件为料液比1:30(g/mL)、提取时间50min、乙醇体积分数45%。采用紫外分光光度法测定其总黄酮含量,得率可达到3.56%。花椒皮总黄酮清除DPPH自由基和.OH的IC50分别为0.855μg/mL和132.18μg/mL;同时可以看出花椒皮总黄酮也具有很强的还原能力,且高于BHT。     

芦荟炒制品中总黄酮提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性研究

目的：优化芦荟炒制品中总黄酮提取工艺,并探讨其抗氧化活性。方法：采用单因素试验和响应面法优化提取工艺,运用紫外分光光度法测定不同产地芦荟生品与炒制品中总黄酮含量,通过DPPH·、ABTS⁺·、·OH及FRAP法研究其抗氧化活性,并通过Pearson相关系数分析总黄酮得率与抗氧化活性的相关性。结果：芦荟炒制品中总黄酮的最佳提取工艺为浸泡时间3 h、超声时间15 min、乙醇体积分数60%、料液比1∶10 （g/mL）。炒制后,芦荟中总黄酮含量有所提高,8个产地芦荟生品与炒制品总黄酮对4种自由基均具有一定的清除作用,且与其浓度呈正相关,具有良好的抗氧化活性。相关性分析表明抗氧化能力与总黄酮得率均呈显著相关性。结论：优选的芦荟炒制品中总黄酮提取工艺合理可行,且具有较强的抗氧化活性。     

神秘果种子多酚大孔树脂纯化工艺研究

分别采用6种大孔树脂(AB-8、D101、HPD-500、S-8、DM130、X-5)纯化神秘果种子多酚,以吸附量、吸附率、解吸量、解吸率为评定参数,优选出X-5为最佳树脂。研究其吸附等温线,发现其与Langmuir等温线拟合良好。静态吸附与解吸结果表明:最佳pH 5.8,最佳解吸液为70%乙醇。动态吸附与解吸结果表明:最优样品液浓度为1.2mg/mL,吸附液体积为100mL,解吸液体积为50mL,吸附流速为1.0mg/mL,解吸流速为1.5mg/mL。研究结果表明:经X-5纯化后的神秘果种子多酚含量提高了2倍,T-AOC测定总抗氧化能力提高了2.5倍。说明该工艺适用于神秘果种子多酚的纯化。     

Polyester composite based on betelnut fibre for tribological applications

A polyester composite based on betelnut fibres was fabricated and its adhesive wear and frictional performance studied using a block on disk machine at different applied loads and sliding distances at 2.8 m/s sliding velocity under dry/wet contact conditions. SEM was used to study worn surface morphology. The results revealed that betelnut fibre reinforced polyester (BFRP) composite had better wear and frictional performance under wet contact condition compared to dry. The wear mechanism of the BFRP composite was predominated by micro and macro-cracks in the polyester regions and debonding of fibres.     

野葛总黄酮的提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性研究

通过单因素试验及正交试验确定野葛总黄酮的最佳提取工艺,并采用紫外分光光度法对野葛总黄酮的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基清除能力、总还原能力和羟基（OH）自由基清除能力进行测定。结果表明,野葛总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件为：体积分数40%的乙醇、料液比1∶20（g∶mL）、80 ℃水浴提取2 h,提取2次。在此优化条件下,野葛总黄酮的提取率3.06%。抗氧化试验结果表明,野葛总黄酮质量浓度分别为0.8 mg/mL、0.4 mg/mL、0.8 mg/mL时,DPPH自由基清除能力、OH自由基清除能力、总还原能力（OD700 nm值）最大值分别为72.98%、65.38%、0.16,表明野葛中总黄酮具有一定的抗氧化能力,且在一定浓度范围内,浓度越高抗氧化能力越强。     

Enhanced transformation of triclosan by laccase in the presence of redox mediators

Triclosan (TCS), an antimicrobial agent, is an emerging and persistent environmental pollutant that is often found as a contaminant in surface waters and sediments; hence, knowledge of its degradability is important. In this study we investigated laccase-mediated TCS transformation and detoxification, using laccase (from the fungus Ganoderma lucidum) in the presence and absence of redox mediators. Transformation products were identified using HPLC, ESI-MS and GC-MS, and transformation mechanisms were proposed. In the absence of redox mediator, 56.5% TCS removal was observed within 24 h, concomitant with formation of new products with molecular weights greater than that of TCS. These products were dimers and trimers of TCS, as confirmed by ESI-MS analysis. Among the various mediators tested, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) and syringaldehyde (SYD) significantly enhanced TCS transformation (∼90%). The presence of these mediators resulted in products with lower molecular weights than TCS, including 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP; confirmed by GC-MS) and dechlorinated forms of 2,4-DCP. When SYD was used as the mediator, dechlorination resulted in 2-chlorohydroquinone (2-CHQ). Bacterial growth inhibition studies revealed that laccase-mediated transformation of TCS effectively decreased its toxicity, with ultimate conversion to less toxic or nontoxic products. Our results confirmed the involvement of two mechanisms of laccase-catalyzed TCS removal: (i) oligomerization in the absence of redox mediators, and (ii) ether bond cleavage followed by dechlorination in the presence of redox mediators. These results suggest that laccase in combination with natural redox mediator systems may be a useful strategy for the detoxification and elimination of TCS from aqueous systems.     

Chinese red pepper (Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.) leaf extract as natural antioxidants in salted silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) in dorsal and ventral muscles during processing

Chinese red pepper (Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.) leaf (ZML) extract contains high amounts of phenolic compounds possessing high total antioxidant capacity and hydroxyl, 1, 1-dipheny-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity. ZML extract was investigated as a natural antioxidant for the lipid stability of salted silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) throughout salting and drying. Both dorsal and ventral muscles were examined for differences in moisture content, salt content, total lipid content, and degree of lipid oxidation. The hexanal content, Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value, and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity in the ventral muscle were significantly higher than those of the dorsal muscle (p < 0.05). In the treatments with ZML extract, the hexanal content, the TBARS value, and the LOX activity were significantly lower (p < 0.05) during processing both in the dorsal and ventral muscles. The sensory qualities of processed salted fish could be improved with the amount of 0.030% extract in the dorsal muscle and 0.045% extract in the ventral muscle. These results showed that ZML extract can be a source of natural antioxidants and used as a food additive.     

关于推动中国天然气能源革命的思考

为了面对能源供需格局新变化、国际能源发展新趋势,保障能源安全,国家积极推动能源革命,能源改革政策频出。为了适应国家推动能源革命的迫切要求,建立现代天然气能源产业体系,应对天然气产业发展所遇到的挑战已势在必行。在分析天然气能源革命提出的背景基础上,明晰天然气能源革命内涵,构建其基础结构模式。分析认为,中国的天然气能源革命是一项复杂的巨系统工程,是长期战略任务。进而提出建议:①实施"非常规资源保供"战略工程,建立多元网络供应保障体系;②实施"天然气能源替代"战略工程,打造清洁高效能源消费主角;③实施"天然气技术突破"战略工程,建立国际领先核心技术体系;④实施"天然气市场变革"战略工程,推动能源市场资源优化配置;⑤实施"天然气开放合作"战略工程,持续提升国际话语权影响力。该研究成果对丰富我国能源革命的内涵,助推能源革命发展具有重要的意义。     

Effects of NOM properties on copper release from model solid phases

This study examined impacts of concentrations and properties of natural organic matter (NOM) on copper release from characteristic copper solid model phases such as tenorite CuO and malachite Cu₂(OH)₂CO₃. Unaltered Aldrich humic acid (AHA) and standard Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA) strongly increased copper release from the model phases but NOM alteration by chlorination or ozonation gradually suppressed or, at higher oxidant doses, eliminated these effects. The nature of NOM changes induced by chlorination and ozonation was examined using differential absorbance spectroscopy (DAS) and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). The data of these methods show that NOM molecules with higher apparent molecular weight (AMW), higher aromaticities and contributions of protonation-active phenolic and carboxylic groups play a key role in adsorption and colloidal dispersion of the model solids. The data also show that metal release from model phases was well correlated with a number of spectroscopic parameters characterizing NOM properties, notably SUVA₂₅₄, spectral slopes of NOM absorbance, and differential absorbance at wavelength of 280 nm and 350 nm that is indicative of the contributions of carboxylic and phenolic functional groups. Changes of ζ-potential of the model solid phases were the strongest predictor of the enhancement of copper release especially in the system controlled by malachite. While effects of NOM on the ζ-potential of tenorite and malachite were prominent for unaltered NOM, its oxidation by chlorine and ozone was accompanied by a gradual decrease and ultimately disappearance of its surface activity.     

228Ra in cow’s milk from an anomalous region of Pernambuco-Brazil

The counties of Pedra and Venturosa have one of the largest natural radioactive occurrences of Brazil. The large farms producing milk in the state of Pernambuco are located in these counties. The forage plants cultivated on those farms have high concentrations of ²²⁸Ra, a naturally occurring descending radionuclide from the ²³²Th series. The ²²⁸Ra is transferred to the forage plants, and once ingested by the lactating cow, this radionuclide is rapidly transferred to the milk. Thus, milk intake is an important route for ²²⁸Ra of incorporation by the human consumer and may induce the appearance of bone sarcoma. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to determine the concentrations of ²²⁸Ra in milk produced in the Pedra and Venturosa farms, in order to estimate the risk of ingestion in the local population. The ²²⁸Ra was determined by actin-228 (²²⁸Ac) using the radiochemical technique of barium sulphate precipitate (BaSO₄). The milk samples had concentrations of ²²⁸Ra ranging from 61 to 1338 mBq.l^?1, which corresponded to the cumulative equivalent dose ranging from 0.04 to 0.1 Sv. Although the doses were low, regulatory and protective measures should be taken to study the radiotoxic effects of ²²⁸Ra in subjects in the public.