丙酸杆菌发酵提取物-乳酸链球菌素复配对熏煮香肠品质的影响

为延长熏煮香肠的货架期、保持其食用品质,该文研究了丙酸杆菌发酵提取物（Propionibacterium fermented extract,PFE）和乳酸链球菌素（Nisin）复配对熏煮香肠贮藏期间品质、氧化程度及微生物的影响。分别将0.01%、0.02%、0.03%的Nisin与0.30%的PFE复配后添加到熏煮香肠中,探究其在贮藏期间（4 ℃）颜色、质构、硫代巴比妥酸值（Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS）和菌落总数的变化,并与0.30% PFE和0.03% Nisin作比较,同时通过高通量测序分析贮藏过程中熏煮香肠的微生物多样性。结果显示,PFE与Nisin复配后显著提高香肠的L*值和a*值并降低b*值（p<0.05）,显著降低产品的硬度、咀嚼性和弹性（p<0.05）。0.3%PFE复配0.01%和0.02% Nisin的处理组抑制脂肪氧化的效果显著优于单独添加Nisin和PFE的处理组（p<0.05）。复配处理组的菌落总数在整个贮藏期间均显著小于其它处理组（p<0.05）,且复配0.01% Nisin的处理组在贮藏后期表现出更好的抑菌效果。通过高通量测序技术发现Nisin与PFE复配添加对葡萄球菌属、不动杆菌属和芽孢八叠球菌属均表现出更好的抑制效果。PFE复配Nisin后可有效抑制熏煮香肠的脂肪氧化和微生物生长,更好地保持熏煮香肠在贮藏期间的品质,其中0.01%的Nisin复配比例的综合表现最佳。     

Inactivation of Listeria innocua in brined white cheese by a combination of nisin and heat

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of nisin alone and in combination with heat (63 °C/5 min) on the inactivation of Listeria innocua in white cheese. Nisin was added at different concentrations (500, 1000, and 1500 IU ml⁻¹) to pasteurized milk before curd formation. The curd was soaked for 24 h in 10% solution of brine containing ca 10⁶ CFU ml⁻¹ of a cocktail mixture of three strains of L. innocua. Part of the nisin treated samples were heat treated at 63 °C/5 min. Total mesophilic count (TMC), L. innocua survivors and changes in the pH of white cheese were monitored each 2 d for a period of 12 d of storage at 4 or 10 °C. Nisin at 500 IU ml⁻¹ did not diminish TMC in white cheese compared to the control. The combination of heat and nisin (1000 or 1500 IU ml⁻¹) exhibited a bacteriostatic effect on TMC throughout the storage period at 4 or 10 °C. Nisin at 500 IU ml⁻¹ had a marginal inhibitory activity against L. innocua. However, nisin at 1000 and 1500 IU ml⁻¹l resulted in a more than 2 log₁₀ reduction in L. innocua count and the effect was more prominent at 10 °C. In comparison, the combination of nisin (1000 or1500 IU ml⁻¹) and heat treatment exhibited a synergistic inhibitory activity against L. innocua, where a complete elimination of the organism was accrued after 6 and 8 d of storage at 10 and 4 °C. Therefore, nisin and heat combination could be used as a prudent hurdle to preclude the growth of Listeria in white cheese, especially under the condition of abused refrigeration conditions.     

Outgrowth inhibition of Clostridium beijerinckii spores by a bacteriocin-producing lactic culture in ovine milk cheese

In the manufacture of model cheeses, ovine milk was deliberately contaminated with spores of Clostridium beijerinckii INIA 63, a wild isolate from Manchego cheese with late blowing defect, and inoculated with nisin- and lacticin 481-producing Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis INIA 415 as starter, to test its potential to prevent the late blowing defect, or with L. lactis subsp. lactis INIA 415-2, a spontaneous mutant not producing bacteriocins. Cheeses made individually with the lactococcal strains, without clostridial spores, served as controls. Cheese made with clostridial spores and L. lactis subsp. lactis INIA 415-2 showed late blowing defect after 120 days of ripening. Spoilt cheese also showed lower concentrations of lactic acid, and higher levels of acetic, propionic and butyric acids, and of other volatile compounds such as 2-propanol and 1-butanol, than control cheese. In addition, cheese made with the bacteriocin producer did not show any late blowing symptoms, despite its spore counts similar to those of blown cheese, pointing to outgrowth inhibition of C. beijerinckii spores by bacteriocins. Besides, cheese made with the bacteriocin producer showed similar concentrations of lactic acid and volatile compounds than control cheese. Inclusion of L. lactis subsp. lactis INIA 415 in starter cultures seems a feasible method to prevent late blowing defect in cheese without altering its sensory characteristics.     

Potential of bacteriocinogenic Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis inhabiting low pH vegetables to produce nisin variants

Antimicrobial behavior of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) has been explored since many years to assess their ability to produce bacteriocin, a natural preservative, to increase the shelf life of food. This study aims to characterize bacteriocin producing strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from acidic to slightly acidic raw vegetables including tomato, bell pepper and green chili and to investigate their potential to inhibit food related bacteria. Among twenty nine LAB screened for antimicrobial activity, three exhibited antagonism against closely related bacterial isolates which was influenced by varying temperature and pH. They were identified up to strain level as Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis TI-4, L. lactis subsp. lactis CE-2 and L. lactis subsp. lactis PI-2 based on 16S rRNA gene sequence. Their spectrum of inhibition was observed against food associated strains of Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, L. lactis subsp. lactis PI-2 selected on the basis of higher antimicrobial activity was further evaluated for bacteriocin production which was detected as nisin A and nisin Z. These findings suggest the possible use of L. lactis strains of vegetable origin as protective cultures in slightly acidic as well as slightly alkaline food by the bio-preservative action of bacteriocins.     

原料乳生物保鲜技术的研究

用Nisin对原料乳保鲜研究结果表明,添加400IU/mL的Nisin原料乳,在20℃条件下保存12h,菌落总数为4.8×105mL-1;在4℃条件下保存45h,菌落总数为4.6×105mL-1;保存时间分别比对照组延长了4倍和2倍,经煮沸实验和酸度滴定,各项指标均达到原料乳的国标要求。     

Nisin在酱油保鲜中的应用研究

通过对酿造酱油中G^ ,G^-菌组成情况的分析，研究了Nisin对酿造酱油中腐败细菌的抑制效力。对腐败细菌最适生长温度36℃下培养，当Nisin的含量达到100μg/ml时，营养肉汤（pH4.60)中腐败细菌的总数急剧减少，当Nisin的含量达到50－100μg/ml时，即能有效地抑杀酱油中的腐败细菌。这表明Nisin可替代化学防腐剂用于酱油的防腐保鲜，以减轻酱油的巴氏灭菌强度，保持酱油原有营养成分，风味，色泽，延长制品货架期。     

霉克和尼萨普林在巴氏灭菌海参制品中的应用

霉克主要成分是纳他霉素（Natamicin），对霉菌和酵母菌有抑菌作用。尼萨普林（Nisaplin）是乳酸链球菌素（Nisin）与氯化钠等成分的混合制剂。乳酸链球菌素（Nisin）是一种由34个氨基酸组成的天然抗菌素，对革兰氏阳性菌具有抑菌作用。本文介绍了上述两种防腐剂在海参保藏上的应用。     

生物防腐剂的应用和发展动向

生物防腐剂是一类新型的安全高效的天然防腐剂 ,本文介绍了几种主要的生物防腐剂在食品工业中的应用及发展动向 ,旨在为相关的科研工作者提供一定的工作思路。     

冷却肉生产中保鲜技术的研究——溶菌酶、Nisin、山梨酸钾保鲜正交试验

本试验在前面多次研究工作的基础上，再次对溶菌酶、乳酸菌肽(Nisin)在冷却肉中的保鲜效果，结合山梨酸钾保鲜成分，进行了L9(3^4)正交试验。通过14项感官指标、理化指标、微生物指标的测定，证实溶菌酶、乳酸菌肽(Nisin)和山梨酸钾(PSS)的配合性使用，能有效延长冷却肉的冷藏保鲜时间。经30d的冷藏，各项指标均能基本保持鲜肉的商品状态。根据L9(3^4)正交试验结果进行的极差分析，采用浓度为2．5‰的Nisin，浓度为2．5‰的溶菌酶和2‰的山梨酸钾，用乳酸将这种冷却肉保鲜液调pH值至4．5，保鲜效果良好。     

Nisin treatments to control Listeria monocytogenes post-processing contamination on Anthotyros, a traditional Greek whey cheese, stored at 4°C in vacuum packages

Post-processing contamination and growth of Listeria monocytogenes in whey cheeses stored under refrigeration is an important safety concern. This study evaluated commercially available nisin (Nisaplin^®) as a biopreservative to control L. monocytogenes introduced post-processing on Anthotyros, a traditional Greek whey cheese, stored at 4°C in vacuum packages for up to 45 days. The whey used (pH 6.5–6.7) was from Feta cheese manufacture, and it was subjected either to natural acidification (pH 5.3, readjusted to 6.2 with 10% NaOH) prior to heating, or to direct acidification (pH 6.0–6.2) at 80°C with 10% citric acid. Nisin was added either to the whey (100 or 500 IU g⁻¹) prior to heating, or to the cheese (500 IU g⁻¹) prior to packaging, also inoculated with ca. 10⁴ cfu g⁻¹ of L. monocytogenes strain Scott A. In cheese samples without nisin, L. monocytogenes (PALCAM agar) exceeded 7 log cfu g⁻¹ after the first 10 days of storage, irrespective of the whey acidification method. All nisin treatments had an immediate lethal effect (0.7–2.2 log reduction) on L. monocytogenes populations at inoculation (day 0), which was more pronounced with 500 IU g⁻¹ added to the whey. This treatment also suppressed L. monocytogenes growth below the inoculation level for 30 and 45 days in naturally and directly acidified samples, respectively. All other treatments had weak antilisterial effects. Nisin reversed the natural spoilage flora of Anthotyros cheese from Gram-positive to Gram-negative, and this ecological alteration was far more pronounced in the most effective antilisterial treatments.