45nm工艺与关键技术

介绍了45 nm芯片所采用的关键工艺技术:193 nm ArF干法/浸没式光刻技术、低k电介质技术、高k电介质技术和应变硅技术等。英特尔45 nm全功能153 MB SRAM芯片与65 nm芯片相比,晶体管密度提高了2倍,晶体管开关速度提高20%以上,晶体管漏电流降低到65 nm芯片的1/5,存储单元面积为0.346μm2。指出英特尔45 nm芯片MPU将在2007年下半年实现量产,并且继英特尔之后,TI、IBM、特许、英飞凌、三星、台积电和台联电等均已推出了45 nm芯片,说明45 nm芯片技术正在日益走向成熟。     

平均空间占有量对混沌的度量——均匀度理论之应用

对于一条离散的、混沌的轨道,独占球体积是轨道上一个点的空间占有量,k步混沌强度（kSCM）是轨道的平均空间占有量,它被用于度量混沌轨道的特征.取k=400,应用400步混沌强度（400SCM）,对Lorenz系统和Henon map进行分析,400SCM与李亚普诺夫指数有相似的走势.Lorenz系统的Prandtl数a与400SCM的关系是单调的,Rayleigh数b在[12,28]的区间上是混沌的,没有准周期窗口,但参数c与400SCM的关系不是单调的,说明在c∈[2.666,4.566]区间上,准周期窗口与混沌窗口交错.对Henon map的计算结果表明b=1.7和a=1.3附近存在准周期窗口.基于上述计算结果得出k步混沌强度能够准确度量混沌特征.     

k‐version of finite element method in gas dynamics: higher‐order global differentiability numerical solutions

In this paper, we consider and examine alternate finite element computational strategies for time‐dependent Navier–Stokes equations describing high‐speed compressible flows with shocks in a viscous and conducting medium, with the ultimate objective of establishing the desired features of a general mathematical and computational framework for such initial value problems (IVP) in which: (a) the numerically computed solutions are in agreement with the physics of evolution described by the governing differential equations (GDEs) i.e. the IVP, (b) the solutions are admissible in the non‐discretized form of the GDEs in the pointwise sense (i.e. anywhere and everywhere) in the entire space–time domain, and hence in the integrated sense as well, (c) the numerical approximations progressively approach the same global differentiability in space and time as the theoretical solutions, (d) it is possible to time march the solutions (this is essential for efficiency as well as ensuring desired accuracy of the computed solution for the current increment of time, i.e. to minimize the error build up in the time marching process), (e) the computational process is unconditionally stable and non‐degenerate regardless of the choice of discretization, nature of approximations and their global differentiability and the dimensionless parameters influencing the physics of the process, (f) there are no issues of stability, CFL number limitations and (g) the mathematical and computational methodology is independent of the nature of the space–time differential operators. We consider one‐dimensional compressible flow in a viscous and conducting medium with shocks as model problems to illustrate various features of the general mathematical and computational framework used here and to demonstrate that the proposed framework is general and is applicable to all IVP. The Riemann shock tube with a single diaphragm serves as a model problem. The specific details presented in the paper discuss: (1) Choice of the form of the GDEs, i.e. strong form or weak form. (2) Various choices of variables. The paper establishes and considers density, velocity and temperature as variables of choice. (3) Details of the space–time least squares (LS) integral forms (meritorious over all others in all aspects) are presented and choice of approximation spaces are discussed. (4) In all numerical studies we consider a viscous and conducting medium with ideal gas law, however results are also presented for non‐conducting medium. Extension of this work to real gas models will be presented in a separate paper. It is worth noting that when the medium is viscous and conducting, the solutions of gas dynamics equations are analytic. (5) It is also significant to note that upwinding methods based on addition of artificial diffusion such as SUPG, SUPG/DC, SUPG/DC/LS and their many variations are neither needed nor used in this present work. (6) Numerical studies are aimed at resolving the localized details of the shock structure, i.e. shock relations, shock width, shock speed, etc. as well as the over all global behaviour of the solution in the entire space–time domain. (7) Numerical studies are presented for Riemann shock tube for high Mach number flows with special emphasis also on time accuracy of the evolution which is ensured by requiring that the approximations for each increment of time satisfy non‐discretized form of the GDEs in the pointwise sense, and hence in the integrated sense as well. (8) Comparisons are made with published results as well as theoretical solutions (when possible). It is established that space–time least squares processes are the only processes that yield variationally consistent space–time integral forms, and hence unconditionally non‐degenerate space–time computational processes, which when considered in higher‐order scalar product spaces provide the desired mathematical framework in which progressively higher‐order global differentiability solutions in space and time yield the same characteristics as the theoretical solutions of the IVP in all aspects. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

图中含有k—因子的判定算法

本文依据图论中已有的一个理论成果（定理１），给出了判定一个图是否含有k-因子的一个算法，同时对算法的复杂性作了分析，又示出了一些简单情况的结果。     

Numerical Study of Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow in Multiple turbulent Impinging Jets

ABSTRACT

Impingement flows have been studied extensively for various geometries and configurations, but because of the complexity of the turbulent flow and its strong dependence on the geometry of the flow, further investigation is required to identify the suitable model for specific cases. This paper presents a study of various k–E turbulence models in order to identify the best model for an array of multiple confined impinging slot jets, with exhaust ports in the confinement surface located symmetrically between adjacent jets. Such a configuration is used in a novel drum dryer for black liquor. The “High Reynolds number” turbulence models including the standard k–E model fail to predict heat transfer to impingement surface accurately although they do predict the flow field reasonably well. On the other hand, the “Low Reynolds number” models yield considerably better results for both fluid flow and heat transfer. All computed results are compared with experimental data reponed in the literature. This work was motivated by the need to select an optimal multiple impinging jet configuration for a novel drum dryer for Kraft black liquor. It is also pertinent to impingement dryers for paper, films, textiles etc.     

State space models for time series with patches of unusual observations

Abstract. An alternative to leave‐k‐out diagnostics for detecting patches of outlying points in time series is developed. We propose that unusual behaviour should be modelled by the addition of shocks. By including shocks in the transition equation of a state space model, we admit the possibility of a persistent change associated with a patch of outliers. Persistent change may take the form of a level shift or a change in seasonal pattern. We provide an efficient mechanism for computing diagnostic statistics associated with the addition of k shocks using a simple adaptation of the Kalman filter. Statistics for detecting unspecified patterns of shocks and an interpretation of the output of the associated smoothing algorithm are derived. Illustrations using real series are given.     

编制水电工程设备安装费概算简易法

介绍在编制水电工程概算中，利用与基本直接费及人工费有关的综合系数Ｋ１、Ｋ２值计算设备安装工程单价的简易法，可加快编制概算的速度。     

Evaluation of specimen preparation techniques for micro-PIXE localisation of elements in hyperaccumulating plants

Hybanthus floribundus subsp. floribundus, a rare Australian Ni-hyperaccumulating shrub and Pityrogramma calomelanos var. austroamericana, an Australian naturalized As-hyperaccumulating fern are promising species for use in phytoremediation of contaminated sites. Micro-proton-induced X-ray emission (μ-PIXE) spectroscopy was used to map the elemental distribution of the accumulated metal(loid)s, Ca and K in leaf or pinnule tissues of the two plant species. Samples were prepared by two contrasting specimen preparation techniques: freeze-substitution in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and freeze-drying. The specimens were analysed to compare the suitability of each technique in preserving (i) the spatial elemental distribution and (ii) the tissue structure of the specimens. Further, the μ-PIXE results were compared with concentration of elements in the bulk tissue obtained by ICP-AES analysis.In H. floribundus subsp. floribundus, μ-PIXE analysis revealed Ni, Ca and K concentrations in freeze-dried leaf tissues were at par with bulk tissue concentrations. Elemental distribution maps illustrated that Ni was preferentially localised in the adaxial epidermal tissues (1% DW) and least concentration was found in spongy mesophyll tissues (0.53% DW). Conversely, elemental distribution maps of THF freeze-substituted tissues indicated significantly lower Ni, Ca and K concentrations than freeze-dried specimens and bulk tissue concentrations. Moreover, Ni concentrations were uniform across the whole specimen and no localisation was observed.In P. calomelanos var. austroamericana freeze-dried pinnule tissues, μ-PIXE revealed statistically similar As, Ca and K concentrations as compared to bulk tissue concentrations. Elemental distribution maps showed that As localisation was relatively uniform across the whole specimen. Once again, THF freeze-substituted tissues revealed a significant loss of As compared to freeze-dried specimens and the concentrations obtained by bulk tissue analysis.The results demonstrate that freeze-drying is a suitable sample preparation technique to study elemental distribution of ions in H. floribundus and P. calomelanos plant tissues using μ-PIXE spectroscopy. Furthermore, cellular structure was preserved in samples prepared using this technique.     

A Characterization of Planar Graphs by Pseudo-Line Arrangements

Let Γ be an arrangement of pseudo-lines, i.e., a collection of unbounded x -monotone curves in which each curve crosses each of the others exactly once. A pseudo-line graph (Γ, E) is a graph for which the vertices are the pseudo-lines of Γ and the edges are some unordered pairs of pseudo-lines of Γ . A diamond of a pseudo-line graph (Γ, E) is a pair of edges {p,q} , {p',q'}∈ E , {p,q} ∩ {p',q'}= , such that the crossing point of the pseudo-lines p and q lies vertically between p' and q' and the crossing point of p' and q' lies vertically between p and q . We show that a graph is planar if and only if it is isomorphic to a diamond-free pseudo-line graph. An immediate consequence of this theorem is that the O(k ^1/3 n) upper bound on the k -level complexity of an arrangement of straight lines, which was very recently discovered by Dey, holds for an arrangement of pseudo-lines as well.     

转k2侧架转角处热裂纹产生的原因分析及防止措施

分析了转k2侧架转角处热裂纹的产生原因，并在产品熔炼、造型、浇注等方面制定了工艺解决措施，这些措施在生产中实施后使产品的合格率大幅度提高。