Diversity of Saccharomyces strains on grapes and winery surfaces: analysis of their contribution to fermentative flora of Malbec wine from Mendoza (Argentina) during two consecutive years

Spontaneous fermentations are still conducted by several wineries in different regions of Argentina as a common practice. Native Saccharomyces strains associated with winery equipment, grape and spontaneous fermentations of Malbec musts from "Zona Alta del Río Mendoza" region (Argentina) were investigated during 2001 and 2002 in the same cellar. Low occurrence of Saccharomyces on grapes and their limited participation during fermentation were confirmed. Strain sequential substitution during fermentation was observed. Between 30% and 60% of yeast population at the end of fermentation was coming from yeasts already present in the winery. A stable and resident Saccharomyces micro-flora in the winery was confirmed. It exhibited a dynamic behaviour during season and between years. Commercial strains were found during fermentation in different percentages, but their presence on winery equipment was low. The present work represents a first approach to winery yeast and spontaneous fermentation Saccharomyces population dynamics in an important viticultural region from Argentina that has never been characterized before. The results obtained have an important significance for the local industry, showing for the first time the real situation of the microbial ecology of alcoholic fermentation in an industrial winery from Mendoza, Argentina.     

硒对啤酒酵母细胞生长的影响

目的研究不同硒浓度对啤酒酵母细胞生长的影响，确定适宜的硒添加量。方法用分光光度计测定不同硒浓度时酵母细胞培养液在不同时间的吸收度，绘制生长曲线，比较硒浓度不同时酵母细胞的生长情况。结果亚硒酸钠的添加浓度小于20μg／mL时，有促进酵母菌生长的作用；亚硒酸钠浓度高于30μg／mL时，对酵母菌生长有明显的抑制作用；亚硒酸钠浓度在20μg／mL时酵母菌可以正常生长。结论亚硒酸钠的添加浓度应在20μg／mL左右。     

三种不同酵母对啤酒发酵及风味的影响

本实验采用Y1110、安琪、模式三种不同的啤酒酵母,在同种工艺条件下测定发酵过程中α-氨基氮(α-AN)、pH、双乙酰、高级醇等指标,并比较三种不同啤酒的风味物质含量。结果表明:Y1110增殖最快,α-AN和pH值下降最快,双乙酰还原较快,后酵结束双乙酰含量最低,啤酒样品含醇量较高,适于醇厚型啤酒酿造;安琪酵母增殖最慢,α-AN和pH值下降最慢,啤酒样品含酯量较高,适于淡爽型啤酒酿造;模式酵母酯类与醇类含量都很高,不适于实际生产。     

乳酸菌、酵母菌的筛选鉴定及其在米发糕中的应用

为得到适合米发糕发酵的发酵剂,对传统发酵米浆中的乳酸菌和酵母菌进行分离,通过对其菌落、菌株形态特征及生长性能的测定,筛选得到1株乳酸菌和2株酵母菌,分别经16SrDNA和26SrDNA鉴定,确定为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)、矮小假丝酵母菌(Candida humilis)和酿酒酵母菌(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)。将3株优良发酵菌株复配应用于米发糕中,通过对其发酵所得产品的感官品质及质构特性进行分析,确定出最佳复配菌比。结果表明:当植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)、酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)和矮小假丝酵母(Candida humilis)的复配体积比为1:3:6时,所得米发糕的感官品质和质构特性最好,且由GC-MS检测到29种挥发性风味物质,其中与市售米发糕和双菌复合发酵得到的米发糕共同检出5种风味物质,分别是苯乙醛、苯甲醛、苯乙醇、十四烷和棕榈酸乙酯,其特有的风味物质有12种,其中9种为酯类物质。该种复合发酵剂发酵得到的米发糕具有较好的品质,有望应用于米发糕的发酵生产。     

不同酵母发酵的蓝莓酒香气成分GC-MS 分析

采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱- 质谱联用技术进行分析,以不同酵母发酵的蓝莓酒为原料,对3 种不同酵母发酵的蓝莓酒主要香气成分进行分析,共鉴定出76 种香气成分。其中酿酒活性干酵母、葡萄酒活性干酵母和酿酒酵母1203 发酵的蓝莓酒中分别检测到56、50、47 种香气成分,其中30 种是3 者共有的。酿酒活性干酵母和酿酒酵母1203 发酵的蓝莓酒的主要香气成分为3- 甲基-1- 丁醇,相对含量分别为18.98%、37.64%;葡萄酒活性干酵母发酵的蓝莓酒的主要香气成分为辛酸乙酯,其相对含量为18.68%。     

Dicistronic regulation of fluorescent proteins in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Fluorescent proteins are convenient tools for measuring protein expression levels in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Co‐expression of proteins from distinct vectors has been seen by fluorescence microscopy; however, the expression of two fluorescent proteins on the same vector would allow for monitoring of linked events. We engineered constructs to allow dicistronic expression of red and green fluorescent proteins and found that expression levels of the proteins correlated with their order in the DNA sequence, with the protein encoded by the 5′‐gene more highly expressed. To increase expression levels of the second gene, we tested four regulatory elements inserted between the two genes: the IRES sequences for the YAP1 and p150 genes, and the promoters for the TEF1 gene from both S. cerevisiae and Ashbya gossypii. We generated constructs encoding the truncated ADH1 promoter driving expression of the red protein, yeast‐enhanced Cherry, followed by a regulatory element driving expression of the green protein, yeast‐enhanced GFP. Three of the four regulatory elements successfully enhanced expression of the second gene in our dicistronic construct. We have developed a method to express two genes simultaneously from one vector. Both genes are codon‐optimized to produce high protein levels in yeast, and the protein products can be visualized by microscopy or flow cytometry. With this method of regulation, the two genes can be driven in a dicistronic manner, with one protein marking cells harbouring the vector and the other protein free to mark any event of interest. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

自选酵母菌株草莓酒发酵特性比较

从草莓自然发酵液中分离筛选出酵母菌株D、E、H,以酿酒酵母A 为对照,采用气相色谱法分析不同酵母发酵草莓酒的主要香气成分,并通过降糖速率、产酒精能力、产酸量及感官质量评价,比较不同菌株的发酵特性。结果表明,菌株A 产酒精能力较强,菌株H 和菌株D 产香效果较好,菌株E 各项指标均较差。其中菌株H 发酵性能优良,还原糖含量可降至18.3g/L,酒精体积分数可达到12.92%,异丁醇、异戊醇、乳酸乙酯和β- 苯乙醇等香气成分均明显高于其他菌株,且酒体色泽澄清透亮,口味纯正,具有草莓酒的典型风味。     

Antioxidant and antihypertensive hydrolysates obtained from by-products of cannery sardine and brewing industries

Hydrolysates with antioxidant and antihypertensive activities were obtained from sarcoplasmic proteins of canned sardine by-product and proteases extracted from Brewer’s spent yeast. Using response surface methodology, hydrolysis time and temperature were selected to achieve the maximum bioactivity. Hydrolysates produced using the substrate/enzyme ratio 1:0.27 (mg/U), 7 h and 50ºC, presenting an angiotensin I-converting enzyme-inhibitory activity of 164 µg protein/mL and an antioxidant activity of 293 μM TE/mL. Experimental results agreed with predicted values within a 95% confidence interval. Within this work the simultaneous valorisation of two agro-industrial by-products was successfully achieved.     

酵母源金属硫蛋白排汞及对汞致肝脏及机体氧化损伤的修复作用

目的:探讨两种酵母源金属硫蛋白(metallothioneins,MT)-1、MT-2对氯化汞急性汞中毒小鼠排汞及对汞致肝脏及机体氧化损伤的修复作用。方法:氯化汞急性汞中毒小鼠模型通过颈部皮下注射氯化汞生理盐水溶液构建,急性汞中毒小鼠经连续灌胃二巯基丙磺酸钠(dimercaptopropansulfonate sodium,DMPS)及不同剂量(0.16、0.40、0.80 mg/(kg·d))酵母源MT 14 d后,测定小鼠体质量、肝脏脏器系数、血液及肝脏Hg~(2+)的含量、血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)活力、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活力、机体总抗氧化能力(total antioxidative capacity,T-AOC)及丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量和两项肝功能指示指标:谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)及谷草转氨酶(aspartate transaminase,AST)活力。结果:相较于正常组小鼠,模型组小鼠体质量下降、肝脏脏器系数上升,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);血液及肝脏Hg~(2+)含量显著上升(P0.05);血清GSH-Px、SOD活力及T-AOC显著降低(P0.05),MDA含量显著升高(P0.05);两项肝功能指标ALT及AST活力显著升高(P0.05)。经灌胃给药处理后,与模型组小鼠相比,酵母源MT中、高剂量处理组及二巯基丙磺酸钠阳性对照组小鼠体质量均显著上升(P0.05),并与正常组小鼠无显著性差异(P0.05);各给药处理组小鼠脏器系数均较模型组小鼠显著下降(P0.05)且呈一定的剂量-效应关系。各灌胃给药处理组小鼠血液及肝脏Hg~(2+)含量均不同程度下降;血清GSH-Px、SOD活力及T-AOC均不同程度回升,MDA含量及两项肝功能指标ALT及AST活力均不同程度降低。在0.16~0.80 mg/kg剂量范围内,高剂量酵母源MT给药效果最佳,与其他灌胃给药处理组差异显著(P0.05)。结论:两种酵母源MT对急性汞中毒小鼠具有良好的结合机体内游离Hg~(2+)及修复肝脏损伤及机体氧化损伤作用,且作用效果与给药剂量呈正相关。     

酵母味素在蚝油生产中的应用

介绍了蚝油的生产工艺及原辅料对蚝油品质的影响；通过试验表明酵母味素能明显改善蚝油风味，提高产品品质。