猪肉背膘中3-甲基吲哚测定方法的研究

3-甲基吲哚即粪臭素，是小肠中未消化的蛋白质在大肠厌氧微生物作用下的产物之一，对未阉割的公猪肉品质有显著的负面影响。本次实验就对猪肉背膘中3-甲基吲哚的测定方法进行了研究。结果为：标样浓度在120ng／ml范围内线性良好，回收率在97％左右，样品相对偏差在3％以下。表明该方法的灵敏度和准确度均较好。     

Oxidative and color stability of cooked ground pork containing lotus leaf (Nelumbo nucifera) and barley leaf (Hordeum vulgare) powder during refrigerated storage

This study aimed to evaluate the oxidative and color stability of cooked ground pork containing lotus leaf powder at 0.1 (LP1) and 0.5% (LP2) as well as barley leaf powder at 0.1 (BP1) and 0.5% (BP2) during refrigerated storage for 10 days. The oxidative stability of these powders was compared with butylhydroxytoluene (BHT). LP1 had higher a* and lower b* values than the control (-) over 4 days (p<0.05). The pH values of the ground pork samples made with addition of LP and BHT decreased until day 4 and then increased. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) values were lowest in LP2 on day 10 (p<0.05). The ground pork samples containing LP and BP had lower peroxide values (POVs) and conjugated dienes (CD) compared to the control (-).These results indicate that LP or BP can be incorporated into ground pork to effectively retard oxidation after cooking.     

Production of biogenic amines by lactic acid bacteria and enterobacteria isolated from fresh pork sausages packaged in different atmospheres and kept under refrigeration

The occurrence of in vitro amino acid activity in bacterial strains associated with fresh pork sausages packaged in different atmospheres and kept in refrigeration was studied. The presence of biogenic amines in decarboxylase broth was confirmed by ion-exchange chromatography and by the presence of the corresponding decarboxylase genes by PCR. From the 93 lactic acid bacteria and 100 enterobacteria strains analysed, the decarboxylase medium underestimates the number of biogenic amine-producer strains. 28% of the lactic acid bacteria produced tyramine and presented the tdc gene. All the tyramine-producer strains were molecularly identified as Carnobacterium divergens. Differences on the relative abundance of C. divergens were observed among the different packaging atmospheres assayed. After 28 days of storage, the presence of argon seems to inhibit C. divergens growth, while packing under vacuum seems to favour it. Among enterobacteria, putrescine was the amine more frequently produced (87%), followed by cadaverine (85%); agmatine and tyramine were only produced by 13 and 1%, respectively, of the strains analysed. Packing under vacuum or in an atmosphere containing nitrogen seems to inhibit the growth of enterobacteria which produce simultaneously putrescine, cadaverine, and agmatine. Contrarily, over-wrapping or packing in an atmosphere containing argon seems to favour the growth of agmatine producer-enterobacteria. The production of putrescine and cadaverine was associated with the presence of the corresponding amino acid decarboxylase genes. The biogenic amine-producer strains were included in a wide range of enterobacterial species, including Kluyvera intermedia, Enterobacter aerogenes, Yersinia kristensenii, Serratia grimesii, Serratia ficaria, Yersinia rodhei, Providencia vermicola and Obesumbacterium proteus.     

水猪肉与注水肉的综合判定及处理

本文介绍了水猪肉和注水肉的本质区别 ,着重阐述了水猪肉的概念及形成机理和影响因素     

Sodium Lactate/Sodium Chloride Effects on Aerobic Plate Counts and Color of Aerobically Packaged Ground Pork

Ground pork (15% fat) was formulated to contain 0% to 3.0% sodium chloride and/or 0% to 3.0% sodium lactate (SL) resulting in 28 treatment combinations. Five replications consisted of two with low initial microbial loads (< 10³ CFU/g) and three with high initial loads (> 10⁵ CFU/ g). Ground pork (454g) was overwrapped in PVC and stored (4°C) aerobically for 21 d. A significant salt × SL interaction existed for redness of samples with low initial aerobic plate count (APC). Red color was best preserved by 2.0% or 3.0% SL. Initial pH values of low and high initial APC samples were similar. Initial product pH was best maintained by higher SL levels in low initial load samples and by higher sodium chloride levels in high initial load samples. Samples containing 3.0% SL had the lowest APC regardless of salt level.     

Acid/Base Status of Stress Susceptible Pigs Affects Cured Ham Quality

Twenty-four halothane positive (HP) pigs received ammonium chloride (8 g/L), sodium bicarbonate (12.6 g/L) or water (HP control) ad libitum for 4 days and were then slaughtered. Hams from HP animals were pale, soft and exudative (PSE) and of inferior processing quality. Ammonium chloride induced a metabolic acidosis which further impaired cured ham quality (greater thaw purge, lower juiciness scores and less uniform slice appearance than comparable hams from control or bicarbonate treated HP hogs). Blood pH, carbonate and chloride concentration (day 3) were related to cured ham quality, indicating that acid-base balance may influence subsequent meat quality. Use of an alkaline salt provided little protection against PSE.     

Feasibility assessment of vacuum cooling of cooked pork ham with water compared to that without water and with air blast cooling

To optimise vacuum cooling for application in the meat industry, an improved cooling method, i.e. vacuum cooling with water (or immersion vacuum cooling), was designed to cool cooked pork ham (2.2 ± 0.2 kg). It was found that the cooling time of vacuum cooling with water was significantly shorter than that of traditional air blast cooling (P < 0.05). For the cooling loss, vacuum cooling with water was significantly lower (6.99%) than that of vacuum cooling without water (13.71%) (P < 0.05). Significant differences in physical and chemical attributes were also observed for ham processed by vacuum cooling with and without water (P < 0.05). Therefore, for a certain size of pork ham, vacuum cooling with water could be an effective method to meet safety guidelines and obtain compatible quality attributes with air blast cooling.     

Acid Base Status of Stress Susceptible Pigs Affects Sensory Quality of Loin Roasts

Halothane positive pigs (24) were placed on water treatments containing sodium bicarbonate (BC, 12.6 g/L), ammonium chloride (AC, 8 g/L) or no additive for 4 days and slaughtered. Halothane negative pigs (8) also were slaughtered. Loin roasts were aged for periods of 1 or 7 days. Loin roasts from animals treated with AC were scored (P<0.05) less firm, juicy, more tender and mealy than roasts from other halothane positive and halothane negative animals. No difference in sensory properties occurred with aging. Juiciness and off-flavor intensity were positively related to blood bicarbonate and base excess.     

冷鲜猪肉在贮藏过程中生物胺含量变化及不同包装方式对生物胺含量变化的影响研究

目的 研究冷鲜猪肉在35℃下贮藏过程中生物胺的变化情况, 以及不同包装方式(高氧气调包装、高氧气调包装结合隔热材料、真空包装和真空包装结合隔热材料)对冷鲜猪肉贮藏过程中生物胺变化的影响。方法 将新鲜猪肉胴体快速冷却后切割, 按照不同包装方式分组包装, 以无包装为对照组, 在35℃下贮藏, 于0、12、24、36、48、60 h对96份样品中生物胺含量和种类进行检测, 分析不同包装条件下样品生物胺变化情况。结果 精胺和亚精胺在不同包装方式下0~60 h内均有检出; 腐胺和尸胺在4种包装方式和无包装方式下的含量始终较高。与对照组相比, 真空包装腐胺和尸胺检出时间延缓了24 h, 组胺和酪胺检出时间延缓了12 h; 在真空包装结合了隔热材料之后, 腐胺、尸胺、组胺和酪胺的检出时间延缓了12 h。与真空包装比, 高氧气调包装组胺始终未检出, 腐胺、尸胺和酪胺的检出时间延缓了12 h, 且含量更低, 在高氧气调包装结合了隔热材料之后, 这3种生物胺的检出时间进一步延缓12 h。结论 精胺和亚精胺是冷鲜猪肉中天然存在的生物胺; 腐胺、尸胺和酪胺是冷鲜猪肉腐败过程中产生的主要生物胺种类, 且随着贮藏时间的延长, 其含量显著增加, 其中腐胺和尸胺含量较高, 是影响冷鲜猪肉质量安全的主要生物胺。真空包装和高氧气调包装均能有效抑制生物胺的形成, 就包装方式而言, 相较于真空包装, 高氧气调包装能更有效地抑制生物胺的产生, 就有无隔热材料而言, 结合隔热材料能更有效地抑制生物胺的产生。