从西太平洋板块构造探讨东海陆架盆地形成机制和类型划分

东海陆架盆地位于亚洲板块东南缘,是西太平洋构造体系的一部分,其形成和发展与西太平洋板块活动有关.白垩纪—古新世,库拉板块和太平洋板块作NNW向运动并俯冲,左旋应力场使亚洲大陆东南缘产生一系列NE向断裂,引起地幔上拱,诱发了盆地西带裂谷式断陷的发展.古新世晚期由于太平洋板块洋脊俯冲,日本海(西部)第一次拉张.地幔面起伏的调整结束了裂陷盆地的发育.始新世晚期,太平洋板块俯冲方向由NNW转为WNW,右旋应力场控制了盆地东部始新世断拗的发育.渐新世初,由于太平洋板块俯冲,日本海(东南部)开始了第二次拉张.东海陆架盆地东部断坳带转为坳陷带.中新世末,太平洋板块运动速度加快,热效应导致前缘隆起拉裂,形成冲绳海槽盆地.向西挤压一走滑使陆架盆地东部坳陷带褶皱回返,结束了盆地发展.可以认为,东海陆架盆地西部古新世裂陷带是大陆边缘裂谷盆地;东部渐新世一中新世坳陷带是大陆边缘前陆盆地(弧后).     

松辽盆地南部梨树地区走滑-逆冲构造的成因——以小宽断裂带为例

多个构造带的复合叠加过程及其形成的地质结构是陆内构造变形研究的前沿问题。松辽盆地南部梨树断陷处于古亚洲洋构造域与太平洋构造域的交接位置,是研究这一问题的良好窗口。小宽断裂带是梨树断陷内具有代表性的构造单元,与区域内的油气藏关系密切,其地质结构和演化过程仍存在争议。研究通过开展三维地震数据解释和地震相干切片分析厘定了小宽断裂带的地质结构和演化过程;通过总结前人认识和区域大地构造演化背景分析了走滑-逆冲活动的成因机制及其油气地质意义。研究结果认为:(1)小宽断裂带整体向西倾,可分为南段、中段、北段3部分;(2)在早白垩世,小宽断裂带经历了早期伸展构造变形和末期左行走滑-逆冲构造变形,断裂带的走滑-逆冲构造活动导致梨树断陷中央构造带内形成多个背斜;(3)小宽断裂带形成于中国东北地区由古亚洲洋构造域主导向太平洋构造域主导的转换过程,受控于早白垩世晚期古太平洋板块的加速俯冲;(4)小宽断裂带走滑-逆冲构造活动所形成的背斜构造是梨树断陷中央构造带内油气富集的重要构造。小宽断裂带南段发育封闭性良好的背斜构造,生-储-盖条件较好,具有成为梨树断陷下一步勘探方向的潜力。     

Effect of Anisakis simplex (sl) larvae on the spoilage rate and shelf-life of fish mince products under laboratory conditions

Wild caught marine fish are commonly infected with anisakid nematodes lodging in the intestinal linings or in the fish muscle. One of the most commonly found nematode parasites in marine fish is Anisakis simplex. During production of mince from the muscle of wild caught Anisakis-infected fish, the larvae would be disrupted during mince production. Any bacteria within or on the surface of such larvae are during the mincing process evenly distributed throughout the mince, and could thus possibly affect the spoilage rate of the final products. To explore if or how any bacteria associated with muscle-invading Anisakis larvae may affect the spoilage rate of fish mince, a controlled storage trial was conducted. Fillets of farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), exclusively fed on dried and heat-treated compound feed and hence expectably free from Anisakis larvae, were aseptically collected and homogenised. Fish mince aliquots were added different volumes of Anisakis homogenate based on larvae which were freshly sampled from the visceral cavity of NE Atlantic blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou). The volumes of added parasite homogenate (parasite(+)-samples) reflected different infection intensities from 15 (low) to 50 (high) larvae per 100 g fish fillet, representing an actual Anisakis intensity range in the flesh of blue whiting. The samples were kept at 4 °C for 15 days and subjected to microbiological, sensory and chemical evaluation at 3 days intervals. Upon visual examination and plate count measurements (PC) on Iron Agar Lyngby (IAL), the samples without any parasite additives (no[parasite]) spoiled differently and more rapidly than any of the parasite(+)-samples. However, H₂S-producing bacteria were only recorded in the latter samples, which were also the only ones that showed increased levels of the spoilage indicator substance trimethylamine (TMA). Moreover, the parasite(+)-samples changed their sensory characteristics at a later stage compared to the no[parasite]-samples. Although some cultures of H₂S-producing bacteria were found on IAL, molecular identification by PCR-DGGE of the actual bacteria was not conclusive. Psychrobacter sp. which has no or only little spoilage activity, was identified in all samples until trial day 9, but was probably outgrown by the stronger spoilers Pseudomonas fluorescence/fragi and Photobacterium phosphoreum. Thus, and somewhat unexpected, our findings indicate that – under the present trial conditions – fish mince contaminated with bacteria which originate from Anisakis larvae, spoiled less rapidly than samples without any parasite-related bacteria present. Moreover, the shelf-life of fish mince was apparently not reduced by the presence of bacteria transferred to the mince by Anisakis larvae.     

Lipids from cephalothorax and hepatopancreas of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): Compositions and deterioration as affected by iced storage

Lipids from cephalothorax and hepatopancreas of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) stored in ice for up to 6 days were extracted and characterised. The extraction yields of lipids from hepatopancreas (10.65–12.64%) were higher than those from cephalothorax (2.59–2.88%). However, no changes in the extraction yield were observed during the storage (p > 0.05). The carotenoid contents of lipids from cephalothorax and hepatopancreas slightly increased within the first 2 and 4 days of iced storage (p < 0.05), respectively, but decreased thereafter (p < 0.05). With increasing storage time, a progressive formation of hydroperoxide was found as evidenced by the increase in the absorbance band at 3600–3200 cm⁻¹ in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, and increased peroxide values (PVs) (p < 0.05). The increases in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), p-anisidine value (AnV) and free fatty acid (FFA) content of lipids were noticeable when iced storage time increased (p < 0.05). Those changes indicated that lipid oxidation and hydrolysis occurred in both samples. Phospholipids (PL) were the major components in lipids from cephalothorax (82.51% of total lipids). Nevertheless, lipids from hepatopancreas contained triglyceride (TG) and PL as the dominant components (45.35% and 38.03% of total lipids, respectively). A decrease in the TG content with a concomitant increase in free fatty acid was observed at the end of storage (day 6) (p < 0.05). Decreases in unsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5(n-3)) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6(n-3)) were noticeable at day 6 of storage (p < 0.05). Thus, the extended storage time resulted in the enhanced deterioration of extracted lipids.     

Trophic ecology of salmonine predators in northern Lake Huron with emphasis on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Pacific salmon were introduced to the Great Lakes in the 1960s and now support major recreational fishery. Population declines resulting from invasive species have prompted agencies to consider diversifying sport fisheries through stocking. Atlantic salmon are native to Lake Ontario, but a small fishery has developed in northern Lake Huron since the 1990s that appears suited to the Lake Huron food web leading to requests for increased stocking by anglers and consideration by agencies. However, no study has evaluated the trophic ecology of Atlantic salmon in relation to other salmonine predators in northern Lake Huron. In this study, we used stable isotopes of carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N), along with mercury (Hg) concentrations to assess resource use, niche overlap, and contaminant accumulation in Atlantic salmon compared to select Lake Huron predators. Atlantic salmon exhibited considerable niche overlap with Chinook and coho salmon but were strongly differentiated from lake trout. In addition, we observed that Atlantic salmon had similar Hg concentrations as coho but were lower than both Chinook salmon and lake trout. Based upon the relationship between fish size, δ¹⁵N, and Hg, Atlantic salmon bioaccumulate Hg similarly to Pacific salmon but likely have lower consumptive demands than Chinook salmon. Continued attention should be placed on understanding how Atlantic salmon fit into the current Lake Huron food web in order to evaluate the long-term efficacy of the Atlantic salmon stocking program.     

Captured Kriegsmarine Enigma Documents at Bletchley Park

Abstract

The discovery of intercepts in the Japanese “Orange Translations” regarding the sinking of merchant ships (marus) bearing allied POWs led to the conclusion that the Joint Intelligence Center Pacific Ocean Area (JICPOA) gave latitudes and longitudes of these vessels to the Commander, Submarine Force, Pacific (ComSubPac) knowing that POWs would be killed. An examination of the “Orange Translations” reveals that most of the intercepts are from the Japanese Water Transport Code (2468) system, not the “Maru Code” (JN-11). The author concludes that while JICPOA provided ComSubPac with convoy coordinates, they were unaware of the presence of POWs on the marus.     

THE UNSOLVED MESSAGES OF PEARL HARBOR

In 1941, the United States Navy intercepted enough Japanese naval messages to predict the attack on Pearl Harbor if the code which protected them had been solved. The messages would have disclosed that, while the Japanese government cynically conducted diplomatic negotiations with the United States, the Japanese Combined Fleet under Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, beginning as early as September 1941, systematically prepared ships, crews, weapons, tactics, and a complicated fuel supply system for the most ambitious operation ever undertaken by the Japanese navy. Details of Japan's intentions were hidden from Navy cryptanalysts because of limited manpower resources and because all Japanese navy codes were assigned a lower priority than Japanese diplomatic codes and German submarine threat.     

Consumption effects of electricity decarbonization: Evidence from California and the Pacific Northwest

This paper estimates the price-induced impacts of decarbonization policy on CO₂ emissions in California and the Pacific Northwest. We document that retail demands for electricity and natural gas by customer class are highly price-inelastic. Based on the heat rates of natural-gas-fired generation, we find that a 10% electricity rate increase due to electricity decarbonization may not have the consumption effects of further reducing the region’s CO₂ emissions.     

北太平洋涛动研究

北太平洋涛动是北半球大气中一个显著的、南北向跷跷板式的低频振荡,其演变不仅直接影响北太平洋附近地区的天气和气候,甚至对整个北半球的环流异常、持续以及气候突变都有重要影响.文章综述了北太平洋涛动的时间演变特征、区域变化特征、常用计算方法、北太平洋涛动指数的定义以及它们对天气气候的影响,阐述了需要进一步解决的一些问题,指出了目前关于NPO的研究尚处于初级阶段,对NPO的研究还可以借鉴其他涛动中较为成熟的研究方式和方法.