两类 ENSO 事件对长江中下游地区季节降水的影响

使用1966-2015年长江中下游地区91个气象站月降水资料,采用线性倾向估计、Mann-Kendall检验、距平分析等方法分析了长江中下游地区近50年降水变化特征及其对两类ENSO事件的响应。结果表明,近50年来长江中下游地区夏季降水量以2.04mm/a的倾向率呈显著增加趋势,年降水量在区域内呈东增西减的分布特征。厄尔尼诺事件易造成长江中下游冬、春季降水异常偏多,而拉尼娜事件发生时夏季降水大幅偏多。东部型厄尔尼诺发生当年长江沿岸一带附近夏季降雨偏少,中部型事件当年呈现南多北少的响应特征,次年则转变为相反的空间分布。中、东部型拉尼娜事件发生当年,秋季降水分别显著偏多和偏少。东部型拉尼娜次年夏季降水普遍偏多,以长江中下游东部最为显著,而中部型事件次年夏季降水则呈现东南多西北少的分布格局。     

行星磨中重质碳酸钙湿法超细粉碎动力学研究

为了获得行星式球磨机中重钙的湿法超细粉碎动力学模型,用BS模型研究了重钙的湿法超细粉碎过程。研究表明行星磨中重钙的湿法粉碎动力学方程为：R（x,t）=R（x,0）exp[-（9.0501Kx^2.7640t）^0.3779],K和粉碎工艺参数的关系可用多项式表示：K=-0.16643-0.0092 lnx1-1.4036x2＋3.5811x2^2-2.94292x2^3-0.34595x3＋0.95953x3^2-0.71562x3^3＋0.06277 lnx4,其中K,x1,x2,x3和x4分别表示粉碎效率、锆球直径、浆料浓度、锆球填充率和球磨机自转速度。     

Characterization of a C-Type Lectin Domain-Containing Protein with Antibacterial Activity from Pacific Abalone (Haliotis discus hannai)

Genes that influence the growth of Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) may improve the productivity of the aquaculture industry. Previous research demonstrated that the differential expression of a gene encoding a C-type lectin domain-containing protein (CTLD) was associated with a faster growth in Pacific abalone. We analyzed this gene and identified an open reading frame that consisted of 145 amino acids. The sequence showed a significant homology to other genes that encode CTLDs in the genus Haliotis. Expression profiling analysis at different developmental stages and from various tissues showed that the gene was first expressed at approximately 50 days after fertilization (shell length of 2.47 ± 0.13 mm). In adult Pacific abalone, the gene was strongly expressed in the epipodium, gill, and mantle. Recombinant Pacific abalone CTLD purified from Escherichia coli exhibited antimicrobial activity against several Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus iniae, and Lactococcus garvieae) and Gram-negative bacteria (Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio harveyi). We also performed bacterial agglutination assays in the presence of Ca²⁺, as well as bacterial binding assays in the presence of the detergent dodecyl maltoside. Incubation with E. coli and B. subtilis cells suggested that the CTLD stimulated Ca²⁺-dependent bacterial agglutination. Our results suggest that this novel Pacific abalone CTLD is important for the pathogen recognition in the gastropod host defense mechanism.     

Fatty acid profile and proximate composition of Pacific mullet (Mugil so‐iuy) caught in the Black Sea

This study demonstrates proximate composition and fatty acid profile of Pacific mullet caught in Turkey. The highest moisture and protein contents were observed with muscle tissues as 83.74 and 10.52%, while the highest fat and ash contents were attributed to female gonads as 11.80 and 0.94%, respectively, with a significant variation amongst months (P < 0.05). Significant variation (P < 0.05) usually occurred amongst months within the same sex for total saturated fatty acids ( ∑ SFA), monosaturated fatty acids ( ∑ MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids ( ∑ PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in muscle, although overall mean values between sexes were not found significant. Except for EPA, no variation observed for gonads while significant changes occurred (P < 0.05) with liver samples amongst months. Overall total values of ∑ SFA, ∑ MUFA, ∑ PUFA, DHA and EPA in muscle samples were 29.59, 29.26, 18.06 and 4.48%, respectively, while in gonads ranged as 30.26–33.23%, 35.17–37.47%, 11.87–14.88%, 4.38–5.34% and 3.02–5.02%. These FAs were 21.57–33.11%, 32.89–50.96%, 14.78–20.08%, 0.89–9.94% and 5.85–9.54% for liver, respectively. The results of this study showed that muscle and gonads of Pacific mullet were rich in n‐3 PUFA, especially, EPA, DHA, increasing the value of this species for human consumption.     

Application of Novel Polymorphic Microsatellite Loci Identified in the Korean Pacific Abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta (Haliotidae)) in the Genetic Characterization of Wild and Released Populations

The small abalone, Haliotis diversicolor supertexta, of the family Haliotidae, is one of the most important species of marine shellfish in eastern Asia. Over the past few decades, this species has drastically declined in Korea. Thus, hatchery-bred seeds have been released into natural coastal areas to compensate for the reduced fishery resources. However, information on the genetic background of the small abalone is scarce. In this study, 20 polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers were identified using next-generation sequencing techniques and used to compare allelic variation between wild and released abalone populations in Korea. Using high-throughput genomic sequencing, a total of 1516 (2.26%; average length of 385 bp) reads containing simple sequence repeats were obtained from 86,011 raw reads. Among the 99 loci screened, 28 amplified successfully, and 20 were polymorphic. When comparing allelic variation between wild and released abalone populations, a total of 243 different alleles were observed, with 18.7 alleles per locus. High genetic diversity (mean heterozygosity = 0.81; mean allelic number = 15.5) was observed in both populations. A statistical analysis of the fixation index (F_ST) and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated limited genetic differences between the two populations (F_ST = 0.002, p > 0.05). Although no significant reductions in the genetic diversity were found in the released population compared with the wild population (p > 0.05), the genetic diversity parameters revealed that the seeds released for stock abundance had a different genetic composition. These differences are likely a result of hatchery selection and inbreeding. Additionally, all the primer pair sets were effectively amplified in another congeneric species, H. diversicolor diversicolor, indicating that these primers are useful for both abalone species. These microsatellite loci may be valuable for future aquaculture and population genetic studies aimed at developing conservation and management plans for these two abalone species.     

The effect of mincing method on the quality of refrigerated whiting burgers

Different mincing methods in the preparation of refrigerated whiting burgers had a significant effect on the products' quality during storage ( P  < 0.05). The burgers containing pre-cooked mince products (PCMP) had the lowest microbial load with longest sensory shelf life (10 days). Oven drying of dry ingredients with subsequent hygienic practices markedly decreased microbial load in final products, from 5.30 to <1.47 log CFU g⁻¹ for PCMP, 5.80–2.45 log CFU g⁻¹ for washed mince products (WMP), 5.65–2.14 log CFU g⁻¹ for unwashed mince products. The lowest trimethylamine and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) were observed with WMP reaching 14.7 and 42.03 mg per 100 g, respectively, at the end of storage. The differences in average surface colours of samples with different preparations and different additives were significant after mincing, but decreased after addition of ingredients, and after cooking. This study indicates the possibility of using pre-cooking as a method for formulated fish mince-based products as it had the highest consumer acceptance as well as longer sensory shelf life despite its higher values of trimethylamine and TVB-N compared with WMP.     

Outcome evaluation findings of a Hawaiian culture-based adolescent substance abuse treatment program.

As part of efforts to identify effective culturally appropriate treatment for Hawaiian and Asian and Pacific Islander adolescents with substance abuse and co-occurring disorders, this evaluation research sought to assess the efficacy of the I Mua Mau Ohana program. This long-term residential program combined culturally based experiential learning/therapy, education, spirituality, counseling, and family involvement. Participants were interviewed at intake and followed up at 3, 6, and 12 months using the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) Tool and the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs (GAIN) instruments. Results showed long-term improvement in substance use and related problems, decreased criminal justice involvement, and improved mental health and social functioning, while showing positive trends in education and employment. However, unexpected findings were revealed in family functioning. Although promising, further research is needed to substantiate the program's effectiveness and possibility of being considered an "evidence-based program." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

LATITUDINAL VARIATION OF DEEP SCATTERING LAYER IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC

The acoustic Echo Intensity (EI) was recorded with 38k shipborne Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) in the Western Pacific in four cruises between Sept. 2001 and Oct. 2002. The main Deep Scattering Layer (DSL) was observed at 400m-600 m depth in the four cruises. The latitudinal variation of the main DSL, which has high level of backscatter strength (BS) at high latitude, is prominent during both nighttime and daytime. The influences of environmental conditions on the DSL are discussed. Since high-oxygen water in the north is a friendly environment of marine animals which form the main DSL, more animals are expected to aggregate in the 400dbars-600dbars layer in the north. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is the principal factor that causes the main DSL to vary with latitude, and its spatial distributions result from formation and transport of North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW).     

Postmortem changes in the adductor muscle of Pacific lions-paw scallop (Nodipecten subnodosus) during ice storage

Postmortem biochemical, chemical, and physical changes of the adductor muscle of Pacific lions-paw scallop were studied during a 15-day storage period at 0 °C (ice). Content of ATP and breakdown products, K value, pH, trimethylamine, total volatile bases, water-holding capacity, colour, and texture changes were examined. K value increased logarithmically (r² = 0.95) from an initial value of 40.3–79.7% on day 15. The spoilage indicators trimethylamine and total volatile bases increased from 15.6 to 30.7 and 1.3 to 6.8 mg N/100 g of sample, respectively, which indicated spoilage at the end of the storage period. Texture, colour, and pH were not affected; however, water-holding capacity decreased significantly, from 96.0% on day 1 to 86.0% on day 15. Overall results indicated that quality of Pacific lions-paw scallop adductor muscle was maintained during at least 12 days of ice storage.     

西北太平洋表层海水中239+240Pu浓度及240Pu/239Pu同位素比

钚是与核工业密切相关的敏感元素,是来源于人类核活动、以痕量或超痕量水平存在于环境中的重要锕系元素。与陆地土壤中钚的环境行为不同,输入到海洋环境中的钚会随洋流路径进行远距离迁移扩散。因此,对于包括我国近海在内的西北太平洋区域海水,除受全球沉降影响外,还长期受到美国太平洋核试验场（PPG）所造成区域污染的显著影响。本文利用从相关报道中收集的数据,对西北太平洋表层海水中钚浓度及同位素比的分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,2000年至今,西北太平洋表层海水中^239+240Pu浓度和²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu同位素比分别在1.15~22.3 mBq/m³和0.184~0.31间变化,其中,^239+240Pu浓度分布与西北太平洋各区域的环境条件等密切相关,而²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu分布则相对均匀,后者在除中国南海以外的西北太平洋地区均值为0.247±0.025(1σ),据此估算得美国太平洋核试验场区域污染输入的钚对该海域表层海水中钚的贡献约占其总活度的45%。此外,本文还对福岛核电站附近海域中核事故前后钚的相关数据进行了分析对比,未观察到该事故对西北太平洋海域中钚分布的影响。