冷弯薄壁型钢檩条两种稳定计算模式的比较

讨论国家规范GB50018-2002《冷弯薄壁型钢结构技术规范》“和欧盟规范EC3-1-3对冷弯薄壁型钢檩条承载能力的两种计算模式的差异：拉条和屋面板对檩条抗扭约束刚度及其整体稳定的重要影响,进行檩条畸变屈曲和翘曲应力的计算,评估工程实践中可滑动的卷边咬合式屋面板对檩条的抗扭约束刚度以及拉条的构造等对檩条的工况作用问题。对工程实践具有重要参考价值。     

现代建筑表皮的光伏一体化设计研究

建筑材料与建筑技术的不断进步使现代建筑表皮系统也悄然发生着变化。随着能源危机的到来,光伏发电系统的产生及成熟为现代建筑表皮的设计提供了新的灵感元素。通过对建筑光伏一体化系统（BIPV）的分析及典型建筑实例的介绍,提出含有建筑光伏一体化构成元素的绿色建筑表皮设计将会成为未来建筑表皮设计的发展趋势之一。     

大直径软岩嵌岩桩侧阻发挥系数取值分析

据《建筑桩基技术规范》(JGJ94-94),嵌岩桩桩周土总极限侧阻计算采用折减系数法,《规范》提供的侧阻发挥系数仅考虑了桩端硬质岩支承和桩周土质条件,没能反映软岩支承及长径比l/d>30的嵌岩桩,更没考虑嵌岩桩的侧阻发挥过程。本文根据工程试桩资料,分析桩周土侧阻发挥过程及侧阻发挥系数取值问题,结果表明嵌岩桩桩周土侧摩阻力发挥除与桩周土土性、桩端支承强度有关外,还与土层相对桩身的位置等诸多因素有关。     

人工制备湿陷性黄土地基地下连续墙浸水试验研究

为研究湿陷性黄土地基地下连续墙基础竖向极限承载特性及浸水后负摩阻力分布特征,选用石英粉、砂、膨润土、石膏和工业盐制备了人工湿陷性黄土,对人工制备湿陷性黄土的物理力学特性进行分析;采用人工制备湿陷性黄土填筑模型试验,进行地下连续墙基础承载特性试验研究。研究结果表明:人工制备湿陷性黄土的物理力学参数与天然黄土基本一致,可用于湿陷性黄土与构筑物相互作用模型试验相似材料。地下连续墙竖向承载力达到其极限时,外墙和内墙总侧摩阻力荷载分担比为67%,确定地下连续墙为端承摩擦型基础。地基浸水湿陷后,中性点深度比为0.64~0.73,试验结果与桩基浸水试验测试结果较为一致。由于地下连续墙基础具有良好的整体性和防渗性,芯土不受水的影响,内墙侧摩阻力与承台土反力能够得以发挥,有效减小地下连续墙基础的沉降。     

成层土中单桩受力性状简化算法

提出一种成层土中单桩非线性受力性状的简化分析方法。单桩受力性状分析时采用侧阻软化模型模拟桩侧阻力和桩身位移间的关系,桩端位移–荷载关系采用双曲线模型。在上述2种模型的基础上,利用迭代算法得到单桩沉降。利用该算法得到的结果与现场实测数据对比分析表明其在单桩受力性状计算方面是合理可行的。算例分析表明,同一荷载水平下,单桩桩顶沉降随侧阻破坏比的增大而减小,随端阻破坏比的增加而增大。采用提出侧阻软化模型分析单桩受力性状时,侧阻完全发挥时对应的桩土相对位移对单桩受力性状的影响较小。     

The magnitude of arsenic contamination in groundwater and its health effects to the inhabitants of the Jalangi--one of the 85 arsenic affected blocks in West Bengal, India

To better understand the magnitude of arsenic contamination in groundwater and its effects on human beings, a detailed study was carried out in Jalangi, one of the 85 arsenic affected blocks in West Bengal, India. Jalangi block is approximately 122 km2 in size and has a population of 215538. Of the 1916 water samples analyzed (about 31% of the total hand tubewells) from the Jalangi block, 77.8% were found to have arsenic above 10 microg l(-1) [the World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended level of arsenic in drinking water], 51% had arsenic above 50 microg l(-1) (the Indian standard of permissible limit of arsenic in drinking water) and 17% had arsenic at above 300 microg l(-1) (the concentration predicting overt arsenical skin lesions). From our preliminary medical screening, 1488 of the 7221 people examined in the 44 villages of Jalangi block exhibit definite arsenical skin lesions. An estimation of probable population that may suffer from arsenical skin lesions and cancer in the Jalangi block has been evaluated comparing along with international data. A total of 1600 biologic samples including hair, nail and urine have been analyzed from the affected villages of Jalangi block and on an average 88% of the biologic samples contain arsenic above the normal level. Thus, a vast population of the block may have arsenic body burden. Cases of Bowen's disease and cancer have been identified among adults who also show arsenical skin lesions and children in this block are also seriously affected. Obstetric examinations were also carried out in this block.     

"生态化"--高层建筑外墙的发展趋势

节省能源、保护环境是人类面临的重大课题。为了减少建筑耗能、提高室内环境质量,高屋建筑的“生态化”外墙系统应运而生。该文拟对其发展演变和在建筑中的实践及发展前景进行分析和展望,并通过几个实例简要介绍了这种“生态化”外墙的特点和作用。     

当代体育建筑创作中“表皮化”现象的探究

在全民体育健身的今天,越来越多的体育建筑正在走入我们的日常生活中,而体育建筑创作中“表皮化”现象已渐渐取代实体成为建筑形象的主角。该文阐述了“表皮化”的含义和此现象产生的必然性,以及“表皮化”的分类。希望通过本文的阐述可以对体育建筑创作提供一些有益的参考,同时受作者个人水平所限,难免有失偏颇,也恳请专家学者批评指正。     

Thermal characteristics of a double-glazed external wall system with roll screen in cooling season

A double-skin system (double-glazed external wall) is an effective passive system that can be used to decrease solar heat gain into buildings. Detailed information on the thermal distribution of double-skin facades is necessary to design better systems that can provide thermal comfort and conserve energy. In this study, the three-dimensional thermal characteristics of double-skin facades that had the ventilation opening installed partially and were screened partially by the adjacent buildings were investigated by field measurements. To that end, field measurements were carried out on the double-skin exterior wall (9.4 m high and 27.0 m wide) installed in an atrium located in the west of an existing building during cooling period for typical summer conditions. Maximum air change rate of natural ventilation through the bottom opening up to the top opening is about 20–25 [1/h], the reduction ratio of total solar heat gain compared with those of non-natural ventilation is about 25%. The exhaust solar heat gain is about 100 W/m² per inner glass surface area of the double-skin facades. Air temperature distribution of air space in the double skin was ranged from 30 °C to 44 °C, and heat gain difference ranged from 50 W/m² to 130 W/m². The influence of the ventilation openings and the shade conditions on temperature distribution of double skin is found to be significant and the double-skin system was verified to reduce the cooling loads effectively.     

Arsenic groundwater contamination and its health effects in the state of Uttar Pradesh (UP) in upper and middle Ganga plain, India: a severe danger

This communication presents results of our 2-year survey on groundwater arsenic contamination in three districts Ballia, Varanasi and Gazipur of Uttar Pradesh (UP) in the upper and middle Ganga plain, India. Analyses of 4,780 tubewell water samples revealed that arsenic concentrations in 46.5% exceeded 10 microg/L, in 26.7%, 50 microg/L and in 10% 300 microg/L limits. Arsenic concentrations up to 3,192 microg//L were observed. The age of tubewells (n=1,881) ranged from less than a year to 32 years, with an average of 6.5 years. Our study shows that older tubewells had a greater chance of contamination. Depth of tubewells (n=3,810) varied from 6 to 60.5 m with a mean of 25.75 m. A detailed study in three administrative units within Ballia district, i.e. block, Gram Panchayet, and village was carried out to assess the magnitude of the contamination. Before our survey the affected villagers were not aware that they were suffering from arsenical toxicity through contaminated drinking water. A preliminary clinical examination in 11 affected villages (10 from Ballia and 1 from Gazipur district) revealed typical arsenical skin lesions ranging from melanosis, keratosis to Bowens (suspected). Out of 989 villagers (691 adults, and 298 children) screened, 137 (19.8%) of the adults and 17 (5.7%) of the children were diagnosed to have typical arsenical skin lesions. Arsenical neuropathy and adverse obstetric outcome were also observed, indicating severity of exposure. The range of arsenic concentrations in hair, nail and urine was 137-10,900, 764-19,700 microg/kg, and 23-4,030 microg/L, respectively. The urine, hair and nail concentrations of arsenic correlated significantly (r=0.76, 0.61, and 0.55, respectively) with drinking water arsenic concentrations. The similarity to previous studies on arsenic contamination in West Bengal, Bihar and Bangladesh indicates that people from a significant part of the surveyed areas in UP are suffering and this will spread unless drives to raise awareness of arsenic toxicity are undertaken and an arsenic safe water supply is immediately introduced.