Non‐digestible carbohydrates in Brazilian soybean seeds [Glycine max (L.) Merril]

Non‐digestible carbohydrate fraction (NDCF) consists of a range of bioactive compounds that escape digestion in the small intestine. NDCF is mainly composed of dietary fibre (DF) and non‐digestible oligosaccharides (NDO). The objective of this work was to analyse directly and compare the NDCF in two Brazilian cultivars of soybean seed with commercial flour. Brazil is the second major soybean producer in the world. The seed cultivars showed on average a NDCF value of 32.80 g per 100 g dry weight (dw). Regarding DF, insoluble DF (IDF) was the main fraction amounting on average to 98%. Uronic acids were significantly higher than neutral sugar (NS) in IDF and soluble DF (SDF) fractions. There was a considerable amount of Klason lignin – on average 84.14% of DF. Regarding NS profile, mannose was the most important sugar in SDF, whereas galactose and arabinose were predominant in IDF. Stachyose was the main oligosaccharide in NDO. DF and NDO were in the same proportion (94.2:5.8) in tested cultivars. No differences in swelling, water retention, or oil retention capacities between seed cultivars were detected. This study on non‐digestible carbohydrate components in soybean seed gives a different approach to the current nutritional knowledge on protein and oil constituents.     

Stability of β-glucosidase Activity Produced by Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus spp. in Fermented Soymilk During Processing and Storage

ABSTRACT: Microorganisms possess endogenous enzymes, however the stability of these enzymes during storage in soymilk has not been studied. β-glucosidase is an important enzyme that could be used in the bioconversion of the predominant soy isoflavone glucosides to their bioactive aglycone forms. Fifteen probiotic microorganisms including bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus acidophilus , and Lactobacillus casei were screened for β-glucosidase activity using p-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside as a substrate. Six strains were selected on the basis of β-glucosidase activity produced during fermentation of soymilk. The stability of the enzyme activity was assessed during incubation for up to 48 h and storage for 8 wk at frozen (-80°C), refrigerated (4°C), room (24.8°C), and incubation (37°C) temperatures. L. casei strains showed the highest β-glucosidase activity after 24 h of incubation followed by L. acidophilus strains, whereas bifidobacterium strains showedleast activity. However, p-glucosidase from Bifidobacterium animalis BB12 showed the best stability during the 48 h fermentation. Lower storage temperatures (-80°C and 4°C) showed significantly higher ( P < 0.05) β-glucosidase activity and better stability than that at higher temperatures (24.8°C and 37°C). The stability of β-glucosidase from these microorganisms should be considered for enzymic biotransformation during storage of isoflavone β-glucosides to bioactive isoflavone aglycone forms with potential health benefits.     

魔芋甘露寡糖对ApoE-/-小鼠动脉粥样硬化的调节作用及机制

魔芋甘露寡糖(konjac mannan oligosaccharides,KMOS)具有多种有益人体健康的功能活性,但目前尚缺乏其对动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)的调节作用及机制方面的研究。采用高脂饮食(high fat diet,HFD)饲喂ApoE-/-小鼠14周,建立AS模型,探究KMOS干预后小鼠主动脉脂质堆积和血清脂质、炎症因子等的变化,并运用高通量测序技术,分析KMOS对于AS小鼠肠道菌群的调节作用。研究结果表明:KMOS干预显著抑制了HFD诱导引起的ApoE-/-小鼠体质量和肝脏质量的增加,主动脉窦的斑块病变面积比和总面积较HFD组分别降低57.4%和57.9%;血清中总胆固醇及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量分别降低21.1%和31.1%,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量增加了63.0%,AS小鼠肝脏脂质堆积情况明显改善;与AS模型组相比,KMOS组小鼠血清炎症因子(肿瘤坏死因子α、白介素-6、白介素-1β和单核细胞趋化蛋白-1)含量显著降低,肝脏胆固醇逆向转运相关基因的表达显著提高;此外,KMOS抑制了HFD诱导引起的ApoE-/-小鼠肠道菌群失调,增加了g_norank_f_Lachnospiraceae、g_Alistipes、g_norank_f_Ruminococcaceae的相对丰度;同时,KMOS可以增加小鼠盲肠短链脂肪酸含量,促进肠道紧密连接蛋白表达以抑制小鼠肠道屏障功能损伤。因此,KMOS可能通过调节胆固醇代谢和肠道菌群,抑制HFD诱导的ApoE-/-小鼠AS的发展,研究结果旨在为KMOS相关功能性食品的开发提供理论依据。     

高效阴离子色谱法测定当归果胶多糖中的糖醛酸含量

建立高效阴离子色谱-脉冲安培检测(HPAEC-PAD)当归果胶多糖中糖醛酸的定性、定量方法,并对测试样品的预处理方法进行研究。分别对多糖样品进行不同预处理,采用外标法测定糖醛酸含量。结果表明,多糖样品需经脱脂处理并结合弱酸水解和酶解才能获得准确、真实的结果;建立了半乳糖醛酸(GalA)和葡萄糖醛酸(GlcA)的线性回归方程,相关系数均为0.9990。经计算,HPAEC-PAD法测定当归多糖的GalA含量为53.62%,与比色法(58.27%)的相对误差为8.67%,并具有良好的重现性。采用HPAEC-PAD法对糖醛酸定性、定量,无需衍生化,且灵敏度高、重现性好,是快速测定糖醛酸含量的有效方法。     

重组α-半乳糖苷酶酶解大豆低聚糖研究

本研究应用本实验室基因重组咖啡豆α-半乳糖苷酶对棉籽糖和水苏糖进行了酶解,应用薄层层析(TLC)和高效液相色谱(HPLC)法检测了酶解前后大豆低聚糖的变化情况,结合大豆制品传统加工工艺,提出了酶的添加方式和工艺。     

Alginate Oligosaccharides: Production,Biological Activities,and Potential Applications

Alginate, a group of polyuronic saccharides, has been widely used in both pharmaceutical and food industries due to its unique physicochemical properties as well as beneficial health effects. However, the potential applications of alginate are restricted because of its low water solubility and high solution viscosity when significant concentrations are needed, particularly in food products. Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS), oligomers containing 2 to 25 monomers, can be obtained via hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds, organic synthesis, or through biosynthesis. Generally, AOS have shorter chain lengths and thus improved water solubility when compared with higher molecular weight alginates of the same monomers. These oligosaccharides have attracted interest from both basic and applied researchers. AOS have unique bioactivity and can impart health benefits. They have shown immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, prebiotic, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antitumor, anticoagulant, and other activities. As examples, they have been utilized as prebiotics, feed supplements for aquaculture, poultry, and swine, elicitors for plants and microorganisms, cryoprotectors for frozen foods, and postharvest treatments. This review comprehensively covers methods for AOS production from alginate, such as physical/chemical methods, enzymatic methods, fermentation, organic synthesis, and biosynthesis. Moreover, current progress in structural characterization, potential health benefits, and AOS metabolism after ingestion are summarized in this review. This review will discuss methods for producing and modified AOS with desirable structures that are suited for novel applications.     

酶水解豌豆纤维粉制备低聚糖工艺优化

以豌豆纤维粉为原料,以低聚糖得率、清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基能力和清除羟自由基能力为考察指标,采用4因素5水平二次旋转组合试验设计,研究酶解工艺参数（料液比、木聚糖酶添加量、纤维素酶添加量、反应温度）对以上考察指标的影响。结果表明最佳酶解工艺参数范围为料液比1∶20.7～1∶24.5（g/mL）、木聚糖酶添加量170.9～176.7?U/g、纤维素酶添加量316.6～320.4?U/g、反应温度52.1～57.6?℃。在优化的条件下,酶解豌豆纤维粉的最优低聚糖得率为13.98%～15.02%,DPPH自由基清除率为30.56%～33.21%,羟自由基清除率为39.36%～42.44%。通过液相色谱分析可得该低聚糖主要组分为阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖、纤维二糖、纤维三糖和纤维四糖。     

青春双歧杆菌的耐氧驯化及不同低聚糖对其增殖效果的影响

为改善青春双歧杆菌在发酵产品中活菌数低、菌种功效弱的情况,对厌氧青春双歧杆菌进行耐氧驯化,采用无氧有氧交替驯化法,在驯化过程中逐渐增加青春双歧杆菌培养液的氧分压,测定青春双歧杆菌驯化前后生理特性,并对比大豆低聚糖、低聚木糖、低聚麦芽糖对青春双歧杆菌增殖的影响。结果表明,青春双歧杆菌在耐氧驯化后对氧气的敏感程度下降,有氧条件下生长能力达标,产酸能力得到提升,菌体驯化前后形态基本一致,耐氧青春双歧杆菌代谢产生的乙酸与乳酸比值较厌氧青春双歧杆菌更适宜发酵,在3种低聚糖中,低聚木糖对青春双歧杆菌增殖作用明显,可作为青春双歧杆菌良好的双歧因子。耐氧驯化后的青春双歧杆菌有着优良的生理特性,能够作为潜在的益生菌菌种深入研究其功能并可应用于发酵食品中。     

Single-Step Per-O-Sulfonation of Sugar Oligomers with Concomitant 1,6-Anhydro Bridge Formation for Binding Fibroblast Growth Factors

Many circulating cancer-related proteins, such as fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), associate with glycosaminoglycans—particularly heparan sulfate—at the cell surface. Disaccharide analogues of heparan sulfate had previously been identified as the shortest components out of the sugars that bind to FGF-1 and FGF-2. Taking note of the typical pose of l -iduronic acid, we conceived of per-O-sulfonated analogues of such disaccharides, and devised a single-step procedure for per-O-sulfonation of unprotected sugars with concomitant 1,6-anhydro bridge formation to achieve such compounds through direct use of SO₃ ⋅ Et₃N as sulfonation reagent and dimethylformamide as solvent. The synthesized sugars based on the oligomaltose backbone bound FGF-1 and FGF-2 mostly at the sub-micromolar level, although the tetrasaccharide analogue achieved low-nanomolar binding with FGF-2.