石油与天然气运移研究综述

石油与天然气都是流体矿产,在岩石中的运移主要是一种地球物理作用。油气运移研究的主要问题是动力学和运动学机制,也就是运移的动力、相态、通道和数量。初次运移的动力主要是异常高压,二次运移的动力主要是浮力和流体势差。石油运移的相态主要是油相,天然气可以是水溶相、油溶相、气相和扩散相。石油以油相运移、天然气以气相运移最为有效,无需相态转变就能直接成藏。初次运移的通道主要是微裂隙。并不是所有可渗透岩石都是二次运移通道,有效运移通道和主流向是二次运移的特征。断层在活动时具通道性,活动期后的封闭与成岩作用有关,长期活动的断层是油气运移的通道。油气运移动力的积蓄与释放和通道的开启与封闭交替出现,决定了排烃和二次运移都是幕式的,从而决定了充注圈闭和成藏的幕式性,这已得到油藏地球化学研究的证实。油气幕式运移与地流体的幕式流动都与地壳的幕式构造活动相辅相成、互为因果。油气运移是发生在地质历史过程中的事件,因此其研究方法应当是动态分析和综合研究。目前油气运移研究仍存在很多理论和方法上的问题,加强基础理论的研究、总结各类盆地的运聚规律、提高计算机模拟和实验室模拟的水平,是今后油气运移研究的当务之急     

桂中坳陷下石炭统黑色页岩发育特征及页岩气勘探潜力

位于广西壮族自治区中部的桂中坳陷石炭系具有较好的页岩气勘探前景,但优质页岩的分布、品质和勘探潜力不清制约了该区页岩气的勘探成效。为了指导该坳陷石炭系页岩气的勘探,以下石炭统鹿寨组页岩为研究对象,利用该坳陷及周缘野外露头、钻井录井、分析测试等资料,对页岩地层的分布特征、有机地球化学特征、储集特征、保存条件等进行了系统研究,落实黑色页岩发育特征,总结优质页岩展布规律,分析页岩气勘探潜力,圈定勘探有利区带。研究结果表明:(1)桂中坳陷鹿寨组页岩以深水陆棚相沉积的碳质页岩、硅质页岩为主;(2)鹿寨组优质页岩厚度介于20～60 m,有机碳含量高、有机质类型好、有机质成熟度适中、脆性矿物含量高、储集物性较好、有机质孔隙发育;(3)柳城斜坡和宜山凹陷发育良好的区域盖层和顶底板,构造变形程度较弱,抬升剥蚀作用较弱,远离走滑性质较强的逆断层,具有良好的保存条件;(4)该坳陷早期地表构造所钻浅井气显示丰富、多口井获得天然气流,揭示了较好的页岩气勘探前景。结论认为,柳城斜坡带、宜山凹陷埋藏深度较大的宽缓向斜是该坳陷页岩气勘探的有利区。     

Impact of whole-building hygrothermal modelling on the assessment of indoor climate in a library building

This paper focuses on the importance of accurately modelling the hygrothermal interaction between the building and its hygroscopic content for the assessment of the indoor climate. Libraries contain a large amount of stored books which require a stable relative humidity to guarantee their preservation. On the other hand, visitors and staff must be comfortable with the indoor climate.     

Some Ozone Applications in Seafood

The use of ozonized seawater to reduce and eliminate bacterial pathogens in mariculture facilities and to extend shelf life of marine food products is demonstrated. Consequent benefits of this treatment are also discussed. Laboratory and pilot experiments were conducted using ozone gas to reduce disease-producing Vibrio sp. bacteria at a shrimp (Litopenaeus vannameii) hatchery in Ecuador, South America. Pacific Ocean seawater was treated in a 1,540 L capacity fiberglass contact tower (5–7 min retention) with an ozone oxidant residual of 0.07 mg/L. Prior to ozone treatment, Vibrio determined by TCBS plating was too numerous to count, causing shrimp to die of disease (30 tanks of 13,000 L each). After treatment, Vibrio counts and shrimp disease were eliminated, ozonized seawater decreased the time required for normal molting of shrimp and the total growth cycle was reduced by three days versus control water. From June 1991 until September 1992, survival rates of larval shrimp were robust, routine antibiotic addition was reduced, and one additional growth cycle was realized. Ozonized ice (fresh water) was prepared in the Milford Laboratory CT, USA; Gloucester Food Tech Lab, MA, USA; and a field station (brine water) for sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Homer, AK. USA. In these studies, squid (Loligo pealei) and commercially captured salmon demonstrated a reduction in spoilage and extension of shelf life of 3 to 5 days' time using ozonized ice. Bacteria associated with commercial ice-producing machines were reduced by 4 logs using ozone treatment. In addition, no flavor aberration was noted using ozonized ice.     

PANIC: an integrated approach to the preservation of composite digital objects using Semantic Web services

To date, long-term preservation approaches have comprised of emulation, migration, normalization, and metadata – or some combination of these. Most existing work has focussed on applying these approaches to digital objects of a singular media type: text, HTML, images, video or audio. In this paper, we consider the preservation of composite, mixed-media digital objects, a rapidly growing class of resources. We describe an integrated, flexible system that we have developed, which leverages existing tools and services and assists organizations to dynamically discover the optimum preservation strategy as it is required. The system captures and periodically compares preservation metadata with software and format registries to determine those objects (or sub-objects) at risk. By making preservation software modules available as Web services and describing them semantically using a machine-processable ontology (OWL-S), the most appropriate preservation service(s) for each object (or sub-object) can then be dynamically discovered, composed and invoked by software agents (with optional human input at critical decision-making steps). The PANIC system successfully illustrates how the growing array of available preservation tools and services can be integrated to provide a sustainable, collaborative solution to the long-term preservation of large-scale collections of complex digital objects.     

松辽盆地岩性圈闭形成机理及识别方法

改变了把地层划分为储层和封盖层识别岩性圈闭分布的传统方法,将其划分为储集层、非储输导层和封堵层３种不同性质地层,３种地层的空间展布决定了岩性圈闭的构成与分布。而岩性圈闭的可靠性决定于封堵层界面和储集层界面的匹配关系。在总结多年来松辽盆地岩性圈闭（带）各种识别方法的基础上,根据岩性圈闭构成新理论,提出了岩性圈闭的双界面识别法。     

历史建筑的空间信息采集——三维激光扫描技术应用

本文介绍了三维激光扫描技术应用于历史建筑现状空间信息采集方面的研究和实验。     

Wind Loads for 19th Century Bridges: Design Evolution, Historic Failures, and Modern Preservation

This paper presents an historical survey of the basis for design wind pressure used by 19th and early 20th century engineers. Events significant to the development of current wind design standards for pedestrian bridges are explored. These include 19th century treatments of wind load, a review of bridge disasters that spurred new thinking, and historical developments of today’s standards.     

理性增长十周年回顾及展望——以美国马里兰州为例

2007年10月在美国马里兰州举办了理性增长十周年（Smart Growth@10）会议。本文在回顾马里兰州理性增长十年发展历程基础上，严格审查马里兰州理性增长运动的实践成效，具体包括理性增长在土地利用变更、社区复兴、住宅偏好及选择、耕地保护、基础设施建设等领域所取得的成就和存在的不足，并总结了未来马里兰州理性增长运动进一步完善的政策建议，希望美国马里兰州的理性增长实践能够为中国未来城市规划、发展和管理的改革创新提供借鉴和启示．     

历史街区保护与利用中的职能发展研究

对历史街区进行保护与利用的重要基础之一是发展历史街区的职能,发挥历史街区在当代社会经济生活中的作用。历史街区的传统职能比较单一,为了适应街区保护与发展的要求,需要结合其资源特点拓展街区职能。延续居住职能、发挥商业职能、发展旅游职能、培育博览职能是历史街区保护与利用过程中职能发展的主要途径。