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当今世界各国执行的商品天然气定价原则主要包括完全成本原则、平均利润原则、长期边际成本定价原则、比价合理原则和供求平衡原则等。文章分析了我国天然气价格的演变历史及现状，说明了现行价格形成的制度原因。研究了天然气商品从生产到运输再到销售各环节的价格确定方法，以此为基础给出了一个即考虑天然气商品价值又考虑竞争和政府管制因素的天然气商品的定价公式。文章最后指出，在真正的、完全竞争的天然气市场建立之前，商品天然气的价格主要应按完全成本原则进行确定。     

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液化天然气（ＬＮＧ）以其清洁性、经济性在２１世纪的世界能源平衡中将会取得更为重要的地位,特别是在中国这样的发展中国家。文章在简要介绍世界ＬＮＧ工业发展历程的基础上,对当前世界ＬＮＧ工业的基础建设等技术、经济现状作了较为详细的介绍,通过对大量数据的整理,结合权威机构的预测,论述了世界ＬＮＧ工业发展趋势和前景。同时还对该工业涉及的经济问题作了基本描述。结合最新资料,提供了中国发展ＬＮＧ工业的前景规划。     

不平衡报价法在投标报价中的运用

工程项目总报价基本确定后，通过采取不平衡报价法投标，运用资金时间价值，以期既不提高总报价，不影响中标，又能在结算时得到更理想的经济效益．     

Testing viability of cross subsidy using time-variant price elasticities of industrial demand for electricity: Indian experience

Indian electric tariffs are characterized by very high rates for industrial and commercial classes to permit subsidized electric consumption by residential and agricultural customers. We investigate the viability of this policy using monthly data for 1997–2003 on electric consumption by a few large industrial customers under the aegis of a small distribution company in the state of Uttar Pradesh. For a given price/cost ratio, it can be shown that if the cross-subsidizing class’ electricity demand is sufficiently elastic, increasing the class’ rates fail to recover incremental cross-subsidy necessary to support additional revenues for subsidized classes. This suboptimality is tested by individually estimating time-variant price-elasticities of demand for these industrial customers using Box-Cox and linear regressions. We find that at least for some of these customers, cross-subsidy was suboptimal prior to as late as October 2001, when rates were changed following reforms.     

Electricity market price volatility: The case of Ontario

Price volatility analysis has been reported in the literature for most competitive electricity markets around the world. However, no studies have been published yet that quantify price volatility in the Ontario electricity market, which is the focus of the present paper. In this paper, a comparative volatility analysis is conducted for the Ontario market and its neighboring electricity markets. Volatility indices are developed based on historical volatility and price velocity concepts, previously applied to other electricity market prices, and employed in the present work. The analysis is carried out in two scenarios: in the first scenario, the volatility indices are determined for the entire price time series. In the second scenario, the price time series are broken up into 24 time series for each of the 24 h and volatility indices are calculated for each specific hour separately. The volatility indices are also applied to the locational marginal prices of several pricing points in the New England, New York, and PJM electricity markets. The outcomes reveal that price volatility is significantly higher in Ontario than the three studied neighboring electricity markets. Furthermore, comparison of the results of this study with similar findings previously published for 15 other electricity markets demonstrates that the Ontario electricity market is one of the most volatile electricity markets world-wide. This high volatility is argued to be associated with the fact that Ontario is a single-settlement, real-time market.     

Intelligent agents in electronic markets for information goods: customization, preference revelation and pricing

Electronic commerce has enabled the use of intelligent agent technologies that can evaluate buyers, customize products, and price in real-time. Our model of an electronic market with customizable products analyzes the pricing, profitability and welfare implications of agent-based technologies that price dynamically based on product preference information revealed by consumers. We find that in making the trade-off between better prices and better customization, consumers invariably choose less-than-ideal products. Furthermore, this trade-off has a higher impact on buyers on the higher end of the market and causes a transfer of consumer surplus towards buyers with a lower willingness to pay. As buyers adjust their product choices in response to better demand agent technologies, seller revenues decrease since the gains from better buyer information are dominated by the lowering of the total value created from the transactions. We study the strategic and welfare implications of these findings, and discuss managerial and technology development guidelines.     

城市地价构成因素探讨

本文探讨了土地所有权买卖，土地批租、土地转租三种最常见的城市土地交易形式和这三种地价的构成因素。     

基于Agent的电力市场价格仿真研究

电力市场是规模大、层次复杂的系统,电力系统的改革的重点是建立一个竞争机制的电力市场。传统电力系统仿真工具已经难以分析市场中复杂的关系,采用Agent技术仿真已成为复杂系统建模的有效工具。本文对Agent平台上的电力市场价格模拟系统进行研究,模拟电价产生中发电侧、输电侧和用户的竞争,该方法可用来分析多个参与者对电价形成的影响。     

电子商务下商品价格变动分析

本文基于西方经济学的局部均衡分析范式探讨由于电子商务降低产品边际成本，最终会对市场结构和社会物价水平造成的影响。得出了电子商务的普及有提高社会总产出和福利水平的作用的结论。     

A robust optimisation model and cutting planes for the planning of energy-efficient wireless networks

In this paper, we present an optimisation model for the energy-efficient planning of future wireless networks. By applying robust optimisation, we extend this model to a robust formulation which considers demand uncertainties. The computability of the resulting model is moderate. Hence, we apply three different cutting plane approaches for an improvement. Furthermore, an extensive case study is performed to examine the price of robustness, to compare the robust solution to conventional planning, and to explore the performance of the cutting planes.