原桃胶和商品桃胶的生产与应用

本文讨论了原桃胶和商品桃胶的生产与应用，并提出了存在的问题。     

榆叶梅红色素的稳定化研究

以新疆地产的榆叶梅(Prunus triloba Lindl)红色素为实验材料,进行稳定剂最佳配方筛选和色素稳定性比较研究试验。结果发现,稳定剂的配方以0.06%柠檬酸+0.04%半胱氨酸+0.02%抗坏血酸的组合为最佳;加入稳定剂后,均可不同程度的提高色素对温度、光照、氧化剂、还原剂的耐受性,但色素对蔗糖、防腐剂和pH值的耐受性却未见提高。     

Changes of anthocyanins and hydroxycinnamic acids affecting the skin colour during maturation of sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.)

The content and relative amounts of anthocyanins and hydroxycinnamic acids (HCA) were determined in local sweet cherries (cultivar Petrovka) at 7 stages of maturity, by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and compared to instrumentally assessed skin colour of the same sweet cherries. Skin colour of harvested samples was measured using the CIE L^*,a^*,b^* system. The contents of neochlorogenic and 3′-p-coumarylquinnic acids decreased with no significant change in ratio during ripening, except for the first 4 days of maturation, when the ratio changed due to increased content of neochlorogenic acid. The linear increase of total anthocyanins during maturation was observed without the trend of stabilization in the final stages of maturity. The colour change of Petrovka during maturation was influenced by the increase of total anthocyanins, consisting mostly of cyanidin-3-rutinoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside (97-98% of the total). The chroma and L^* values appeared to be optimal indicators of anthocyanin accumulation during maturation, and better than the a^* value and hue angle. The accumulation of anthocyanins from 507.1 to 1150.9 mg of cyanidin-3-rutinoside/kg of fresh weight (FW) during the second half of maturation caused the formation of a new colour cast of Petrovka, which influenced the decrease of redness and colour intensity, as recognized by CIE L^*,a^*,b^* colour space.     

1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)对桃果实贮藏效果的影响

以“24号”桃果实为试材,研究1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理对该桃的贮藏效果的影响。试验结果表明:使用500nL/L浓度的1-MCP熏蒸处理的“24号”桃在5℃下贮藏28d,3d货架期(室温17℃)后的果肉褐变指数为31%;而在5℃冷藏的桃果肉褐变指数货架期后为62%。1-MCP处理能够显著地抑制“24号”桃在贮藏过程中的果肉褐变。     

干红毛樱桃酒酿造工艺研究

毛樱桃果实破碎榨汁时添加5％的白酒大曲,室温下处理6h,可使出汁率提高13.6％。采用苹果酸—乙醇发酵的生物降酸法降低毛樱桃汁的酸度,加入果酒酵母前添加8％—10％的裂殖酵母1号培养液,3d后使酸度平均降低10.4g/1,降酸率达54％在发酵过程中,采用带皮渣发酵4d,然后分离皮渣继续发酵的方式,并且采取15℃的低温发酵工艺,使酒的色香味保持较好的状态,风格突出     

Effect of harvest time and storage conditions on almond kernel oil and sugar composition

The effect of storage for 6 months at 5 °C (80% RH) versus 20 °C (60% RH) of shelled versus in‐shell almonds was studied on early versus late harvested nuts from ‘Ferragnes’ and ‘Texas’ trees. Kernel quality characteristics, oil composition and sugar composition were determined initially and after 6 months of storage. Early harvested almonds had similar kernel weight to but higher moisture content than late harvested almonds after 6 months of storage. Early harvested almonds also had similar oil quality (based on ultraviolet absorption coefficient measurements) and oil composition but lower sugar content and modified sugar composition compared with late harvested almonds. Storage of shelled almonds resulted in kernels with higher oil content, better oil quality, similar oil composition, similar sugar content and some modifications in sugar composition compared with in‐shell stored almonds. Finally, storage for 6 months at either 5 or 20 °C resulted in lower moisture content, higher oil content, similar oil quality and composition, similar sugar content and some modifications in sugar composition compared with freshly harvested almonds. Almonds stored at 5 °C retained higher kernel weight and moisture content than almonds stored at 20 °C. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

樱桃李多酚抗氧化活性及对肥胖小鼠肝脏的保护作用

该研究探讨了樱桃李多酚抗氧化活性及对肥胖小鼠肝脏的保护作用,为樱桃李果实的开发、利用提供理论基础。试验以醇提法获得樱桃李多酚为材料,在测定多酚含量基础上,测定提取物体外抗氧化活性。进一步建立肥胖小鼠模型,采用不同剂量多酚灌药处理,8周后,处死小鼠,取肝脏,计算肝脏指数,测定肝脏中TG浓度、T-CHO浓度、SOD活性、MDA浓度,荧光定量PCR测定炎症相关基因的表达。结果发现,樱桃李果实多酚提取物总多酚、总黄酮、总酚酸、总黄烷醇含量分别为439.17、186.37、168.27、68.86 mg/g,樱桃李总多酚含量较高,多酚中主要成分为黄酮类;DPPH自由基清除率为97.42%,FRAP法、ABTS法测得抗氧化活性分别为4.36 mmoL/mL、0.48 mmoL/mL Trolox,体外具有较强的抗氧化活性;多酚处理能显著降低肥胖小鼠肝脏TG,T-CHO、MDA含量,增加肝脏SOD含量,下调肝脏炎症因子IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6基因表达。研究表明,樱桃李多酚能够提高抗氧化能力,减少高脂饮食引起的肝脏脂肪堆积和肝脏炎症,对小鼠肝脏具有保护作用。     

基于电子感官技术和GC-MS分析不同干燥方式对乌梅风味的影响

为揭示不同干燥方式对乌梅风味物质的影响,分别以烟熏乌梅（Smoked Prunus mume,SP）、热风干燥（Hot-air Dried Prunus mume,HP）乌梅及烘干（Dried Prunus mume,DP）乌梅为研究对象,采用电子鼻（Electronic Nose,E-nose）、电子舌（Electronic Tongue,E-tongue）和气相色谱-质谱（Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry,GC-MS）联用技术对其挥发性成分进行分析。电子鼻结果可完全区分不同加工而成的乌梅,其所在风味上具有相似性。电子舌数据结合主成分分析（Principal Component Analysis,PCA）发现不同加工方法的乌梅在滋味品质上存在差异,且酸味作为乌梅滋味的代表。采用GC-MS共鉴定出63种挥发性成分,包括醇类、酚类、醛类、酸类、酯类化合物以及烃类等其它类化合物,且含量各不相同,其中酯类化合物在烟熏乌梅中水平普遍较高,其次为热风干燥乌梅,烘干乌梅。电子鼻结合GC-MS数据讨论乌梅主要挥发性成分改变的原因,总结不同加工方法对乌梅风味的影响。可见,通过GC-MS结合电子鼻、电子舌等电子感官技术,可以很好地区分不同干燥方式处理的乌梅,进而为乌梅的加工方式选择及产品加工提供理论参考。     

青梅花提取物在护肤品中的应用研究

我国有丰富的青梅资源,但是对青梅非果部位的研究利用较少。通过对青梅花进行提取,确定其主要成分,分析了青梅花提取物应用于护肤品的技术原理,并将青梅花提取物制备成护肤霜,同时对产品进行理化性能及功效评价,得出青梅花提取物应用于护肤品中在保湿和抗皱方面具有显著的效果。     

Protein Content and Oil Composition of Almond from Moroccan Seedlings: Genetic Diversity, Oil Quality and Geographical Origin

The protein and oil content and the fatty acid profile of the kernels of selected almond genotypes from four different Moroccan regions were determined in order to evaluate the kernel quality of the plant material of these different regions. The ranges of oil content (48.7–64.5 % of kernel DW), oleic (61.8–80.2 % of total oil), linoleic (11.4–27.0 %), palmitic (5.6–7.7 %), stearic (1.3–3.1 %), and palmitoleic (0.4–0.9 %) acid percentages agreed with previous results of other almond genotypes, but the protein content (14.1–35.1 % of kernel DW) showed that some genotypes had higher values than any previously recorded in almond. Some genotypes from mountainous regions showed kernels with very high oil content as well as high and consistent oleic and linoleic ratio, establishing a possible differentiation according to the geographical origin. These differences may allow establishing a geographical denomination for almond products. In terms of genetic diversity, oleic and linoleic acids were confirmed to be the most variable components of almond oil chemical composition among genotypes. Additionally, the genotypes with extreme favorable values, such as high protein content, could be incorporated into an almond breeding program aiming at an increase in kernel quality.