规划·规范·规则:深圳开发控制三大体系的互动关系

规划、规范和规则是建设项目审批依据的三个基本来源,三者共同构成开发控制管理制度的三大核心体系。研究结合深圳实践,阐述三大体系的特征、构成和分类,分析三者在静态条件下的优先关系和在动态条件下的互动关系,尝试揭示三大体系之间相互替代、补充、促进、转化和融合的演化规律。     

循环流化床锅炉风机选型探讨

针对目前循环流化床锅炉风机(尤其大容量CFB风机)在实际中存在参数过大的不匹配问题,从安全运行和经济性角度对风机选型进行了研究,并对采用变频方式调节的经济性做了分析。     

浅析一般压力表、压力真空表和真空表检定依据的新旧规程对比

简述检定一般压力表时,依据JJG52-2013《弹性元件式一般压力表、压力真空表和真空表》与JJG52-1999《弹簧管式一般压力表、压力真空表和真空表》检定规程的对比。     

Impacts of environmental product legislation on solid oxide fuel cells

Ongoing development of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology coincides with a rapid increase in legislation aiming to control the environmental impacts of products across their life cycle. A risk-based method is used to explore the potential future impacts of this body of legislation on the technology. Legislation controlling the use of hazardous materials is one area of significance. Under the new European REACH Regulation some nickel compounds, used widely throughout general industry but also in the fabrication of anode structures, may fall under the classification of a substance of very high concern (SVHC) in future, which presents a risk of restrictions being placed on their continued use. This risk must drive the development of alternative anode materials, or requires the SOFC industry to identify a socio-economic argument justifying exemption from any future restrictions. A legislative trend establishing recycling requirements for end-of-life products is also identified as having a potential future impact on the technology. Recycling strategies for SOFC products must be considered, prior to commercialisation. It is proposed that failure to meet these future environmental requirements may be detrimental to the perception of SOFC technology, the demand for which is substantially driven by the environmental benefits offered over incumbent power generation technologies. The consideration of these issues in the design of commercial products will mitigate this risk.     

From distribution networks to smart distribution systems: Rethinking the regulation of European electricity DSOs

Distributed energy resources allow for new business models that have the potential to substantially change today's power system functioning paradigm. In particular, these changes pose challenges for distribution system operators (DSOs) and their regulation alike. This article sheds light on missing aspects in current regulation, recognizing DSOs as regulated monopolies, but also as key players along the supply chain. We provide insights on how regulation should be adjusted so that DSOs are incentivized to facilitate the market entry of welfare-enhancing technologies in a timely fashion, and to manage the distribution system efficiently in the presence of distributed energy resources.     

Tariff adjustment frameworks for privately financed infrastructure projects

Since privately financed infrastructure (PFI) projects are usually natural monopolies, their tariffs should be regulated to ensure socially desirable outcomes. In reality, the regulation is usually realized through tariff adjustment mechanisms. There are four basic tariff adjustment frameworks for PFI projects - adjustment based on sale price, revenue, operating income and profit after tax. They have different risk exposures and incentives. The adjustment based on the sale price provides the project company with the highest potential to increase profit but exposes it to the highest risk, while the adjustment based on the guaranteed ROR exposes the project company to the lowest risk but provides the least potential for increasing profit. Adjustments based on the revenue or the operating income are somewhere in between. In practice, a hybrid of two or more adjustment frameworks may be adopted to adapt to specific project environments. A well-designed tariff adjustment framework can create a ‘win-win’ solution for both the public and private sectors.     

Connecting Mediterranean countries through electricity corridors: New Institutional Economic and regulatory analysis

A super grid connecting the two shores of the Mediterranean could help Europe meet its targets for integrating renewable energy. This paper assesses the business models for building a platform for wholesale renewable energy trade via electricity corridors linking the two regions of the Mediterranean basin. We demonstrate that the optimal framework for designing the corridor project is a long-term contractual agreement to coordinate bilaterally the necessary investments. Furthermore a hybrid governance structure requiring only limited regulatory adaptation seems to be the most efficient structure for facilitating investment in the corridor's infrastructure.     

Better environmental regulation — contributions from risk-based decision-making

Internationally, pressure is being exerted on governments and regulators to develop modern forms of regulation that deliver more for less, and in better ways. We discuss the ways in which one large regulator, the Environment Agency for England and Wales, has responded to such pressures by implementing risk-based approaches to regulation. After exploring the context for key elements of risk-based environmental regulation, we consider the evolving influence of such approaches. We discuss the impacts against the UK Government's principles for better regulation and the key criteria for policy evaluation, before considering some of the challenges: the need to i) understand the best practice and promote consistency in risk-based regulation; ii) develop reliable, responsive forms of risk assessment and monitoring; iii) build capacities for responsive risk regulation; iv) evaluate the influence of different regulatory styles; and v) better understand the potential role of the private sector.     

Competition,regulation, and pricing behaviour in the Spanish retail gasoline market

The restructuring of the Spanish oil industry produced a highly concentrated oligopoly in the retail gasoline market. In June 1990, the Spanish government introduced a system of ceiling price regulation in order to ensure that “liberalization” was accompanied by adequate consumer protection. By 1998, prices were left to the “free” market. This paper examines the pricing behaviour of the retail gasoline market using multivariate error correction models over the period January 1993 (abolishment of the state monopoly)–December 2004. The results suggest that gasoline retail prices respond symmetrically to increases as well as to decreases in the spot price of gasoline both over the period of price regulation (January 1993–September 1998) and over the period of free market (October 1998–December 2004). However, once the ceiling price regulation was abolished, cooperation emerged between the government and the major operators, Repsol-YPF and Cepsa-Elf, to control the inflation rate. This resulted in a slower rate of adjustment of gasoline retail prices when gasoline spot prices went up, as compared with the European pattern. Finally, the Spanish retail margin was by the end of our timing period of analysis, as in the starting years after the abolishment of the state monopoly, above the European average. This pattern confirms our political economic hypothesis, which suggests that the Spanish government and the oil companies were working together in reducing the inflation, in periods of rising oil and gasoline prices. It is also inferred that explaining the pricing pattern in energy markets may require different hypothesis than the classical perspective, involving just firms taking advantage of market power.     

莫糊-PID复合控制在燃烧控制系统中的应用

燃烧系统是一个具有大惯性、纯滞后、分布参数非线性的系统，PID调节以及双交叉限幅PID控制在燃烧系统中控制效果不理想、超调量和响应时间的矛盾不能解决、系统抗干扰的能力比较差。在培烧炉的控制中，采用双交叉限幅控制和模糊控制相结合的方法，选用西门子公司的S7—400PLC实现了上述控制功能，得到了比较好的控制效果。