Effect of drought and irrigation on the fate of nitrogen applied to cut permanent grass swards in lysimeters: Leaching losses

Nitrogen losses were measured in water draining from cut permanent grass swards growing in monolith lysimeters containing clay loam (Salop series) or silt loam (Bromyard series) soils. The swards were cut at 6-week intervals during the summer and were fertilised with calcium nitrate at rates of 0 and 400 kg N ha^?1 in each of five successive years (1977–81); in the first year the fertiliser was labelled with ¹⁵N. Four differing rainfall regimes were imposed from spring to autumn in each year. Mean annual losses of nitrogen by leaching from unfertilised swards were 3.8 kg N ha^?1 with mean nitrate-N concentrations in the water of about 1 mg N litre^?1. In fertilised lysimeters where rainfall distribution was that of the long-term average the mean annual total nitrogen losses were 41 kg N ha^?1 in the Salop soil and 15 kg N ha^?1 for the Bromyard soil; mean nitrate-N concentrations were 11.6 mg N litre^?1 and 5.1 mg N litre^?1, respectively. Losses of nitrogen and nitrate concentrations were similar to these quantities when irrigation increased the rainfall total to 120% of average. Where a drought was imposed for 2 weeks before and after each cut, mean nitrate-N concentrations increased to 20.3 mg N litre^?1 on Salop soil and 13.1 mg N litre^?1 on Bromyard soils; total annual nitrogen losses were 74 kg N ha and 33 kg N ha^?1, respectively. The largest losses were recorded when the drought period extended for four weeks before each cut and mean nitrate-N concentrations increases to 28.8 mg N litre^?1 on Salop soil and 34 mg N litre^?1 on Bromyard soil, with total annual nitrogen losses of 104 kg N ha^?1 and 109 kg N ha^?1, respectively. Losses of nitrogen derived from the fertiliser labelled with ¹⁵N were 7.3–8.4% of that applied in the Salop soil (29–33 kg N ha^?1), with little effect by the differing rainfall distributions. On the Bromyard soil, losses were 3.7% (14 kg N ha^?1) of the applied fertiliser in lysimeters not subjected to droughts. When the period of the drought extended before and after each cut, losses were 8.2% (32 kg N ha^?1) and increased to 17.9% (70 kg N ha^?1) when the drought period occurred entirely before each cut. Fertiliser nitrogen contributed 48–69% of the total nitrogen in drainage water from both soils in the first year.     

Effects of forage type, forage to concentrate ratio, and crushed linseed supplementation on milk fatty acid profile in lactating dairy cows

The effects of an increasing proportion of crushed linseed (CL) in combination with varying forage type (grass or corn silage) and forage to concentrate ratio (F:C), and their interactions on milk fatty acid (FA) profile of high-producing dairy cows was studied using a 3-factor Box-Behnken design. Sixteen Holstein and 20 Swedish Red cows were blocked according to breed, parity, and milk yield, and randomly assigned to 4 groups. Groups were fed different treatment diets formulated from combinations of the 3 main factors each containing 3 levels. Forage type (fraction of total forage dry matter, DM) included 20, 50, and 80% grass silage, with the remainder being corn silage. The F:C (DM basis) were 35:65, 50:50, and 65:35, and CL was supplied at 1, 3, and 5% of diet DM. Starch and neutral detergent fiber content (DM basis) of the treatment diets ranged from 117 to 209 g/kg and 311 to 388 g/kg, respectively. Thirteen treatment diets were formulated according to the Box-Behnken design. During 4 experimental periods of 21 d each, all treatment diets were fed, including a repetition of the center point treatment (50% grass silage, 50:50 F:C, 3% CL) during every period. Intake, production performance, and milk FA profile were measured, and response surface equations were derived for these variables. Shifting from 80% grass silage to 80% corn silage in the diet linearly increased dry matter intake (DMI), net energy for lactation (NE_L) intake, cis-9,cis-12-C18:2 (C18:2n-6) intake, and milk yield, and linearly decreased cis-9,cis-12,cis-15-C18:3 (C18:3n-3) intake and milk fat content. Shifting from a high forage to a high concentrate diet linearly increased DMI, NE_L intake, C18:2n-6 intake, and milk yield, and decreased milk fat content. Supplementation of CL linearly increased C18:3n-3 intake, but had no effect on DMI, NE_L intake, milk yield, or milk fat content. Shifting from 80% grass silage to 80% corn silage linearly increased proportions of trans-10-C18:1 and C18:2n-6 in milk fat, whereas the proportions of trans-11,cis-15-C18:2 and C18:3n-3 linearly decreased. Significant interactions between CL supplementation and F:C were found for proportions of trans-10-C18:1, trans-15-C18:1, cis-15-C18:1, trans-11,cis-15-C18:2, and C18:3n-3 in milk fat, with the highest levels achieved when the diet contained 5% CL and a 35:65 F:C ratio. The effect of supplementing CL on several milk FA proportions, including C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3, depends significantly on the F:C ratio and forage type in the basal diet.     

土工格室在挖方边坡中的应用

介绍了土工格室这种新型土工合成材料的特性,对其在挖方边坡防护设计工程中的两种应用形式——土工格室植草护坡和锚杆框架梁内土工格室固土植草护坡做了详细阐述,通过土工格室的应用,解决了岩土边坡工程中支挡结构的设计与施工如何与边坡植被护坡有机结合的问题。     

草鱼鱼鳞蛋白酶解产物功能特性及其抗氧化活性

将草鱼鱼鳞在60℃下经胃蛋白酶及木瓜蛋白酶酶解,制备了不同水解度的酶解产物,并测定了其功能特性及抗氧化性。结果显示:两种蛋白酶酶解产物的溶解性和热稳定性较高,尤其是木瓜蛋白酶酶解产物的溶解性均大于91.60%。随着水解度的增大,酶解产物的溶解性增强,乳化性和起泡性逐渐减小,且胃蛋白酶酶解产物在乳化性和起泡性方面都明显好于木瓜蛋白酶酶解产物。在木瓜蛋白酶酶解的两种产物中,随着水解度升高酶解产物的亚铁离子螯合能力、还原力和清除DPPH自由基的能力均下降。结果表明酶解产物的功能特性及抗氧化性与水解度有一定关系(P<0.05)。     

利用GC/MS分析草鱼内脏鱼油和菜籽油的脂肪酸组成

采用气质联用法对草鱼内脏鱼油和菜籽油的脂肪酸组成进行分析测定。结果表明,草鱼内脏鱼油中共检测出19种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸有7种,不饱和脂肪酸有12种;菜籽油中共检出14种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸有5种,不饱和脂肪酸有9种,两者脂肪酸的主要组成均为不饱和脂肪酸。因此可以利用草鱼内脏鱼油制备生物柴油。     

植被渗透浅沟对城市暴雨径流的调蓄效应研究

建造植被渗透浅沟(GFS),研究其对城市暴雨径流的调蓄效应。结果表明:植被渗透浅沟能起到延缓和削减洪峰、加强城市排水安全保障的重要作用。当水力负荷从1.47 m3/(m2.d)增至5.88 m3/(m2.d)时,GFS能削减70%以上的洪峰流量。此外,GFS表面雨水的流速在0.016～0.036 m/s之间,约为管道最小设计流速的5%,在进行GFS下游管道水力设计时,可将流行时间大大延长,从而减小下游管渠的设计断面,降低城市雨水管网系统的工程造价。     

低温贮藏下草鱼肉优势腐败菌鉴定及其消长规律

通过稀释平板法对4℃条件贮藏6 d的草鱼肉的腐败菌进行分离,再以微生物鉴定系统对优势腐败菌进行鉴定,并分析了其消长规律。结果表明,草鱼肉冷藏过程中的优势腐败菌主要为乡间布丘氏菌(Buttiauxella gaviniae)、草莓假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fragi)、热杀索丝菌(Brochothrix thermosphacta)、静止嗜冷杆菌(Psychrobacter immobilis)。而且在整个冷藏过程中,除静止嗜冷杆菌数量一直增长外,其余3种腐败菌都需经过一定的适应期后才开始缓慢增长。     

Processed fava bean as a substitute for rapeseed meal with or without rumen-protected methionine supplement in grass silage-based dairy cow diets

Fava bean offers a sustainable home-grown protein source for dairy cows, but fava bean protein is extensively degraded in the rumen and has low Met concentration. We studied the effects of protein supplementation and source on milk production, rumen fermentation, N use, and mammary AA utilization. The treatments were unsupplemented control diet, and isonitrogenously given rapeseed meal (RSM), processed (dehulled, flaked, and heated) fava bean without (TFB) or with rumen-protected (RP) Met (TFB+). All diets consisted of 50% grass silage and 50% cereal-based concentrate including studied protein supplement. The control diet had 15% of crude protein and protein-supplemented diets 18%. Rumen-protected Met in TFB+ corresponded to 15 g/d of Met absorbed in the small intestine. Experimental design was a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square with 3-wk periods. The experiment was conducted using 12 multiparous mid-lactation Nordic Red cows, of which 4 were rumen cannulated. Protein supplementation increased dry matter intake (DMI), and milk (31.9 vs. 30.7 kg/d) and milk component yields. Substituting RSM with TFB or TFB+ decreased DMI and AA intake but increased starch intake. There were no differences in milk yield or composition between RSM diet and TFB diets. Rumen-protected Met did not affect DMI, or milk or milk component yields but increased milk protein concentration in comparison to TFB. There were no differences in rumen fermentation except for increased ammonium-N concentration with the protein-supplemented diets. Nitrogen-use efficiency for milk production was lower for the supplemented diets versus control diet but tended to be greater for TFB and TFB+ versus RSM. Protein supplementation increased plasma essential AA concentration but there were no differences between TFB diets and RSM. Rumen-protected Met clearly increased plasma Met concentration (30.8 vs. 18.2 µmol/L) but did not affect other AA. Absence of differences between RSM and TFB in milk production together with limited effects of RP Met suggest that TFB is a potential alternative protein source for dairy cattle.     

土工格栅（格网）在公路边坡防护及路基中的应用

指出土工格栅（格网）作为土工合成材料的一种,具有造价低、施工简单、加固土体效果好等优点,主要结合本地区公路边坡防护和路基的设计,介绍了土工格栅（格网）的基本性能以及挂网植草和路基格栅垫层的设计施工方案,以指导工程实践。