Effects of grass silage and soybean meal supplementation on milk production and milk fatty acid profiles of grazing dairy cows

The effects of supplementation with grass silage and replacement of some corn in the concentrate with soybean meal (SBM) on milk production, and milk fatty acid (FA) profiles were evaluated in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square study using 16 dairy cows grazing pasture composed of ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and white clover. Each experimental period lasted for 3 wk. The 4 dietary treatments were PC, 20 h of access to grazing pasture, supplemented with 6 kg/d of corn-based concentrate mixture (96% corn; C); PCSB, 20 h of access to grazing pasture, supplemented with 6 kg/d of corn- and SBM-based concentrate mixture (78% corn and 18% SBM; CSB); SC, 7 h of access to grazing pasture during the day and 13 h of ad libitum access to grass silage at night, supplemented with 6 kg/d of C concentrate; and SCSB, 7 h of access to grazing pasture during the day and 13 h of ad libitum access to grass silage at night, supplemented with 6 kg/d of CSB concentrate. The concentrate mixtures were offered twice each day in the milking parlor and were consumed completely. Grass silage supplementation reduced dietary crude protein and concentration of total sugars, and dietary SBM inclusion increased dietary crude protein concentration and decreased dietary starch concentration. Milk yield and energy-corrected milk were increased by SBM supplementation of cows with access to grass silage. Milk protein concentration was lower in cows offered grass silage, regardless of whether SBM was fed. Dietary SBM inclusion tended to increase milk fat concentration. Plasma urea N was reduced by silage feeding and increased by SBM supplementation. Supplementation with grass silage overnight could represent a useful strategy for periods of lower pasture availability. Dietary inclusion of SBM in solely grazing cows had no effects on milk production and composition, exacerbated the inefficient capture of dietary N, and increased diet cost. Grass silage supplementation affected milk FA profiles, increasing both the FA derived from de novo synthesis and those derived from rumen microbial biomass, and decreasing the sum of C18 FA (mostly derived from diet or from mobilization of adipose tissue reserves). Milk fat concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid cis-9, trans-11, vaccenic acid (18:1 trans-11), and linolenic acid (18:3n-3) were unaffected by grass silage supplementation, suggesting that partial replacement of pasture by unwilted grass silage does not compromise the dietary quality of milk fat for humans.     

Correcting fresh grass allowance for rejected patches due to excreta in intensive grazing systems for dairy cows

Dairy farms with intensive grazing systems combine grazing with supplemental feeding, which can be challenging because an incorrect balance between fresh grass allowance and feed supplementation results in inefficient use of the pasture, lower feed efficiency, and potential decreases in animal production. When estimating fresh grass allowance, we currently do not correct for the formation of rejected patches (RP) surrounding excreta, which can lead to overestimation of the potential fresh grass intake and hampers optimal grazing. In this study, therefore, we aim to quantify the formation of RP in intensive grazing systems and improve the quantification of fresh grass allowance. To do so, we studied 2 grazing systems (i.e., compartmented continuous grazing and strip grazing) that differ in key grazing characteristics, such as pre- and post-grazing heights and period of regrowth. The experiment was performed from April to October in 2016 and 2017 with 60 dairy cows at a fixed stocking rate of 7.5 cows/ha. Average pre-grazing grass height was measured with a rising plate meter. To quantify the formation of RP after grazing, individual grass height measurements were conducted after grazing and classified as RP or not, based on visual assessment. Our analysis showed that the average percentage of grassland covered with RP increased from around 22% at the end of May to around 43% at the end of July/beginning of August, and these percentages do not differ across grazing systems. The percentage of grassland covered with RP should be subtracted from the total grazed area to better estimate true fresh grass allowance.     

The effect of dietary forage to concentrate ratio and forage type on milk fatty acid composition and milk fat globule size of lactating cows

We examined the effects of 2 grass silage-based diets differing in forage:concentrate (FC) ratio and those of a red clover silage-based diet on intake, milk production, ruminal fatty acid (FA) biohydrogenation, milk FA composition, and milk fat globule (MFG) size distribution. Ten multiparous Nordic Red cows received the following treatments: grass silage-based diets containing high (70:30, HG) or low (30:70, LG) FC ratio or a red clover silage-based diet with an FC ratio of 50:50 (RC) on a dry matter basis. Determinations of MFG were performed from fresh milk samples without addition of EDTA so the results of fat globules >1 µm in diameter are emphasized instead of the entire globule population. Lower FC ratio in grass silage-based diets increased milk production with no effect on daily fat yield, leading to 13% lower milk fat concentration. The effect of FC ratio on MFG size was moderate. It did not affect the volume-weighted diameter in grass silage-based diets, although LG lowered the volume-surface diameter of MFG in the size class >1 µm compared with HG. Compared with HG, feeding LG moderately decreased the biohydrogenation of 18:2n-6, leading to a higher level of polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk fat. Feeding RC lowered milk fat concentration and daily milk fat yield compared with grass silage-based diets. The volume-weighted diameter of MFG in the size class >1 µm was smaller in RC milk compared with grass silage-based diets. Feeding RC increased the flow of 18:3n-3 at the omasum by 2.4-fold and decreased the apparent ruminal 18:3n-3 biohydrogenation compared with grass silage-based diets despite similar intake of 18:3n-3. It also resulted in the lowest amount of saturated FA and the highest amounts of cis-9 18:1, 18:3n-3, and polyunsaturated FA in milk. In conclusion, LG decreased milk fat content and induced minor changes in MFG size distribution compared with HG, whereas RC lowered milk fat production, altered milk FA composition to nutritionally more beneficial direction, and led to smaller MFG compared with grass silage-based diets.     

不同风干温度对风干草鱼品质特性的影响

研究2种风干温度对风干草鱼理化性质与食用品质的影响。以草鱼为原料,在5～6℃、20 mg/100g盐含量下腌制,然后分别在2种温度下风干,研究常温（22～25℃）风干与低温（6～10℃）风干对风干草鱼加工过程中鱼肉水分含量、盐含量、总挥发性盐基氮（total volatile base nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、pH值、硫代巴比妥酸反应物质（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARs）值和感官品质的影响。结果表明：在2种风干温度下,风干草鱼的水分含量呈下降趋势,盐含量、蛋白水解指数、TVB-N含量和TBARs值均呈上升趋势;常温风干草鱼的TVB-N含量与TBARs值在风干结束后明显高于低温风干草鱼,其最终TVB-N含量与TBARs值分别为35.61、2.46 mg/100g;低温风干草鱼的TVB-N含量与TBARs值在风干过程中无明显变化;2种风干草鱼pH值在风干过程中均呈上升趋势;低温风干草鱼的感官品质优于常温风干草鱼;除水分含量和TBARs值外,常温风干草鱼感官评分与其他理化指标均呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）;低温风干草鱼感官评分与TVB-N含量、总氮含量、非蛋白氮含量呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,与TBARs值、蛋白水解指数呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）。     

真空油炸技术在熏鱼制品加工中的应用

以新鲜草鱼为原料,用真空油炸代替常压油炸对传统熏鱼制品的加工工艺进行优化改良,将其与常压油炸制品进行表面孔隙大小的对比,并对改良后的熏鱼制品进行了吸湿特性的研究。结果表明,草鱼在真空度0．06MPa,温度为130℃下油炸13min,制得的熏鱼制品在色、香、味以及组织形态上都优于高温常压油炸：真空油炸表面孔隙明显大于常压油炸表面孔隙;常压油炸的颜色明显比真空油炸的要深,光泽比真空油炸的要差。     

HACCP体系对微波速冻草鱼片微生物控制

采用HACCP系统,分析微波速冻草鱼片工艺过程中的危害因素和关键点控制,抽样检测(样本容量63),然后用数理统计方法对数据进行处理,结果发现:菌落总数数据符合维布尔分布,109 cfu/g为标准,在置信水平为95％时,菌落总数合格率达到100％,而大肠菌群的合格率为98.6％,大肠杆菌的合格率为100％,金黄色葡萄球菌...     

Evaluating the effects of grass management technologies on the physical,environmental, and financial performance of Irish pasture-based dairy farms

Grass management technologies (grass measuring devices and grassland management decision support tools) have been identified as important tools to improve the performance of pasture-based dairy farms. They have the potential to significantly improve the efficiency and sustainability of dairy systems by increasing milk production through enhanced pasture growth and utilization, which would reduce the need for supplementary feeds, along with increased output, therefore increasing farm profitability and environmental sustainability. Despite the several potential benefits of grass management technologies, there is a lack of empirical research around the effects of these technologies on the performance of pasture-based dairy systems. The current study aimed to fill this knowledge gap by using a 2018 nationally representative survey of Irish dairy farms and a propensity score matching approach to determine the effects of adopting grass management technologies on the physical, environmental, and financial performance of Irish pasture-based dairy farms. The findings showed that dairy farms utilizing grass management technologies had, on average, higher farm physical, environmental, and financial performance (in terms of grazed pasture use, total pasture use, length of the grazing season, milk yield, milk solids, greenhouse gas emissions per kilogram of fat- and protein-corrected milk, gross output, and gross margin) compared with dairy farms not utilizing these technologies. However, when controlling for selection bias, we can only attribute a positive causal effect of grass management technology adoption on the use of grazed pasture per cow, grazing season length, milk yield per cow, and milk solids per cow. This might be due to dairy farmers not yet using the technologies to their full potential, 2018 being an unusual year in terms of weather (and therefore not being able to capture the full range of farm performance benefits), or because grass management technologies need to be adopted in association with other technologies and practices to achieve their expected performance outcomes. Future research should include updated farm-level data to capture the weather and learning effects and so be able to determine the impact of grass management technologies on a wider range of performance indicators.     

通天河及江源区草畜平衡初步分析

通天河及江源区生态环境敏感脆弱,绝大部分地区只适宜生长牧草,农业以放牧为主,传统的放牧方式靠天养畜,单位面积草场产草量低,超载过牧是导致天然草场生态破坏的重要原因之一。分析了通天河及江源区草畜平衡问题,同时指出,通过对中重度退化草场全面实施禁牧,充分发挥大自然的自我修复能力,并在适宜地区适度发展人工灌溉草场,改变传统的天然放牧方式,可提高草场质量和载畜能力,逐步缓解局部牲畜超载情况,保持草畜平衡,维护草原和江源区生态安全。     

护坡植物根系分布及抗拉力学特性

为了探讨草本植物根系固土的主要机制。以适宜的护坡植物白三叶、小冠花、黑麦草、早熟禾为研究对象,对它们的根系分布特征和抗拉特性进行研究。结果表明:随着土层深度的增加,禾本科植物的根长密度以指数函数形式逐渐减少,豆科植物的根长密度以多项式形式先增后减;随着距主茎距离的增加,禾本科植物根长密度逐渐减少,豆科植物根长密度先增后减;在根径0.1~3mm范围内,豆科植物平均抗拉力大于禾本科植物,豆科植物的抗拉力与根径呈幂函数关系,早熟禾和黑麦草的抗拉力与根径分别呈指数函数和对数函数关系;四种植物根系抗拉强度均表现为随根径的增加而减小;四种植物根系应力与应变关系表现为对数函数关系,表现为非线性弹性特征;根径相同时,不同植物的应力表现为:白三叶小冠花黑麦草早熟禾。运用主成分分析法综合分析其护坡特性,表现为豆科植物优于禾本科植物,其中白三叶的护坡效益最好。     

AZDEL制品成形技术

AZDEL片材是两层玻璃纤维针刺毡和三层聚丙烯经钢带式层压机压制而成的热塑性玻璃纤维增强片状模塑料.本文介绍了AZDEL制品的成形概要、成形设备以及成形要领.