分效排益工艺应用运行小结

分效排盐工艺是近年国内真空制盐发展主流方向，它有利于提高盐产品的品质和资源利用率，降低生产成本，但在实际生产过程中工艺上还存在一些亟待研究解决的问题。通过我公司在盐硝联产配套技改工程中引进分效排盐工艺近一年的生产调试，针对在生产运行过程中出现的转料不畅、盐质、Ⅰ效冷凝水回收等工艺存在的问题，进行分析，提出整改措施，以满足生产需要。     

RO membrane solute rejection behavior at the initial stage ofcolloidal fouling

This study investigated the rejection of salt and inert organic compounds by reverse osmosis membranes during the initial stage of colloidal fouling. Results of laboratory-scale experiments showed that colloidal fouling caused a marked decrease in flux, salt rejection and rejection of organics with molecular weight (MW) smaller than about 100 g/mol. Removal of neutrally charged organics was mainly by size or steric exclusion. Rejection of xylose, which has MW >100 g/mol, was not affected much by colloidal fouling. The decrease in salt and low MW organic rejections during the initial stage of colloidal fouling was attributed to cake-enhanced concentration polarization, whereby the colloidal cake layer hindered back diffusion of solutes from the membrane surface to the bulk solution, resulting in higher solute concentration gradient across the membrane. At higher channel wall shear rate, the rates of colloidal deposition, flux decline, decrease in salt rejection, and decrease in low MW organic rejection were lower.     

碱金属盐化合物的抗氧作用机理

利用差示扫描量热法评价全氟丁酸钠在酯类油中的抗氧性能，试验表明，全氟丁酸钠与对对二异辛基二苯胺具有良好的抗氧协同作用利用质量色谱分析油品氧化前后ＤＯＤＰＡ的变化，以确定其抗氧机理。     

Dielectric properties of Indian Basmati rice flour slurry

Dielectric properties of Indian Basmati rice samples (dry ground flour and wet aqueous slurry) were measured over the frequency range 500–2500 MHz. Temperature dependence of dielectric properties of rice flour slurries (20, 30 and 50 g flour per 100 g water yielding approximately 1:5, 1:3 and 1:2 flour to water ratio) were studied between 30 and 80 °C. Results indicated that dielectric constants (ε′) generally did not vary with frequency while the loss factor (ε″) showed an increasing trend. A sharp change in dielectric parameters were noted above 70 °C attributable to rice starch gelatinization, an observation confirmed later by differential scanning calorimetry. An increase in flour slurry concentration systematically reduced ε′ during the entire frequency range while variations in ε″ values were mixed. Addition of 1% salt markedly increased ε″ of slurries whereas butter resulted in significant reduction in ε′ values. Rice flour slurry containing both salt and butter exhibited intermediate values of dielectric properties. Both ε′ and ε″ data of rice slurries generally fitted a 2nd order polynomial relationship with temperature. These results suggest that dielectric measurements could be used to study frequency, concentration, ingredient and temperature dependent changes in starch–water systems during heating.     

葡萄砧木的抗逆性试验

本试验采用当年扦插葡萄苗移栽入盆，分别进行断水、加盐和灌水模拟逆境处理。结果表明，抗旱性、耐盐性和耐涝性都很好的砧木品种有５２０Ａ、２２５Ｒｕ和５ＢＢ；其次为Ｓ０４３３０９、Ｓａｌｔ ｃｒｅｅｋ和贝达，再次国７７５；载培品种巨峰和黑奥林的综合抗逆性差。     

Temperature reduction due to the application of phase change materials

Overheating is a major problem in many modern buildings due to the utilization of lightweight constructions with low heat storing capacity. A possible answer to this problem is the emplacement of phase change materials (PCM), thereby increasing the thermal mass of a building. These materials change their state of aggregation within a defined temperature range. Useful PCM for buildings show a phase transition from solid to liquid and vice versa. The thermal mass of the materials is increased by the latent heat. A modified gypsum plaster and a salt mixture were chosen as two materials for the study of their impact on room temperature reduction. For realistic investigations, test rooms were erected where measurements were carried out under different conditions such as temporary air change, alternate internal heat gains or clouding. The experimental data was finally reproduced by dint of a mathematical model.     

Impact of sodium sulfate on soil frost heaving in an open system

The existence of solutes and their redistribution during freezing have a deep influence on the process of soil freezing. We performed unidirectional freezing experiments in an open system with red clay collected at the Beiluhe test site along the Qinghai–Tibet Railway. The groundwater supply of the soil was simulated in the laboratory experiment by attaching a liquid replenishment system to the bottom of the sample container. In order to see the influence of the salt on the evolution of the sample during unidirectional freezing, two types of experiments were performed. (i) The soil samples were supplied with a sodium sulfate solute of 5% concentration, and (ii) only distilled water without any salty component was added. Based on the freezing temperature measurements of salty soil, migration of sodium sulfate solution towards a lower temperature zone during freezing 0 °C isotherm in the soil moved gently towards deeper layers, but frost depth of the soil ascended slightly with time when the sample was constantly cooled. Compared to the distilled water replenishment, the amount of frost-heaving was smaller in the soil column with sodium sulfate solution replenishment. Based on the frost depth curve, the solubility curve of the Na₂SO₄–H₂O system and the amount of frost heaving and salt expansion in the soil column we have calculated the amount of frost heaving and salt expansion. In an early stage of the experiment deformation of the soil column was mainly caused by frost heaving, while in a later phase crystallization of the sodium sulfate played a lager role. This conclusion is confirmed by the results of the dry density measurement after the experiments.     

Discussion on the determination of sail residue in silk fibroin solution with a water quality testing pen北大核心CSCD

the salt residue is one of the quality indexes of silk fibroin products.The products with low salt residue are not only healthier for human body, hut also more stable in exterior qualities, such as color and smell.Instrumental analysis and chemical analysis are currently methods to accurately determine salt residues in silk fibroin products, but they still need to be supplemented by real-time and quick detection methods in practical production.This paper discusses the determination method with a water quality testing pen and investigates the response of the water quality pen to the changes in the concentration of a variety of solutions, and associates with application examples.The results show that the TDS measured by the water quality pen is highly linearly correlated with the changes in the concentrations of CaCU , NaCl, and fibroin-CaCU solutions.The principle and method of the TDS water quality testing pen have an application prospect in the field of real-time and rapid approximate evaluation of salt residue in silk fibroin solution. © 2021 China Silk Association. All rights reserved.     

一种应用于图像去噪的广义回归神经网络模型设计研究

为了更好地去除图像中的椒盐噪声、保留图像细节信息,提出了一种广义回归神经网络模型,适用于图像去噪。首先,对传统广义回归神经网络的原理进行了分析,并对采用的广义回归神经网络进行具体设计。然后对广义回归神经网络中的唯一可调参数（平滑因子）进行了优化。采用归一化均方误差和峰值信噪比指标进行具体算法性能分析。仿真试验结果显示：相比径向基神经网络和传统广义回归神经网络,提出算法的去噪能力更强,具有较高的峰值信噪比和较低的归一化均方误差,验证了提出算法的有效性和先进性。     

产水气井结盐垢机理研究及防治

文23气田产高矿化度CaCl2水型地层水,气井开发至井底压力小于7MPa时,井底开始结盐垢,盐垢的成分主要是NaCl,其次是少量CaSO4和CaCO3钙垢。气井压力降低使天然气饱和水蒸汽含量增加,地层水产生蒸浓反应成为过饱和溶液,盐垢结晶析出沉淀形成气井结盐。气井井筒结盐垢部位一般集结在井底油管内外壁、套管内壁,形成一个结盐垢初始点和终止点的分布状态。清除井筒氯化物垢的有效方法是用淡水溶解清洗,清除井筒和井底的钙垢盐类要用化学反应法和机械破碎法。