The Effect of Size and Shape of Austenite Grains on the Mechanical Properties of a Low‐Alloyed TRIP Steel

The effects of size and shape of austenite grains on the extraordinary hardening of steels with transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) have been studied. The deformation and transformation of austenite was followed by interrupted ex situ bending tests using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A finite element model (FEM) was used to relate the EBSD based results obtained in the bending experiments to the hardening behavior obtained from tensile experiments. The results are interpreted using a simple rule of mixture for stress partitioning and a short fiber reinforced composite model. It is found that both, the martensite transformation rate and the flow stress difference between austenite and martensite significantly influence the hardening rate. At the initial stage of deformation mainly larger grains deform, however, they do not reach the same strain level as the smaller grains because they transform into martensite at an early stage of deformation. A composite model was used to investigate the effect of grain shape on load partitioning. The results of the composite model show that higher stresses develop in more elongated grains. These grains tend to transform earlier as it is confirmed by the EBSD observations.     

Validity of self-reporting and video-recording for measuring knee-straining work postures

The aim of this study was to compare the validity of self-reporting and video-recording as methods of measuring the duration of knee-straining work postures, and to evaluate the reproducibility of timings of the video-recordings. Thirty-nine carpenters and 33 floorlayers were video-filmed while working, and were asked immediately afterwards to quantify the amount of time spent in knee-straining positions. The investigators recorded the periods of knee-straining work with a stopwatch during playback of the video-film, and the agreement between the two investigators' measurements was studied in 13 pairs of measurements. The video observation method was very effective for timing knee-strain work. Furthermore, Spearman's correlation coefficient (0.88) indicated a good association between observed and self-reported knee-straining work. Estimation of self-reported kneestraining work collected by interview showed good correlation with measurements of video-recordings. When judging the repeatability of timings of kneestraining work from the video-recordings, a high level of agreement was seen between the two observers in the 13 dual measurements of time spent in knee-straining work positions.     

The effect of roll-processing orientation on stress corrosion cracking of warm-rolled 304L stainless steel in oxygenated and deoxygenated high temperature pure water

Stress corrosion crack growth rates of 304L stainless steel after one-directionally warm-rolled along the longitudinal (L) direction were measured in oxygenated and deoxygenated pure water at 288 °C. The fracture mode is mainly intergranular in the Transverse-longitudinal (T-L) orientation specimen, while it is occasionally intergranular in the Longitudinal-transverse (L-T) orientation specimen. The crack growth rates in the T-L orientation are higher than those in the L-T orientation in both oxygenated and deoxygenated environments, which is related to the effective cracking growth path as the result of microstructural anisotropy and applied loading direction.     

Variational inequality in classical plasticity. Applications to Armstrong–Frederick elasto-plastic model

In this paper the quasi-static initial and boundary value problem for an elasto-plastic mixed hardening material is reformulated within the constitutive framework of small strains. The plastic factor plays the basic role in describing the rate independent evolution equations for the plastic strain and hardening variables. The plastic factor is equivalently represented as the solution of an appropriate local inequality involving the yield function. The main idea was to introduce the variational inequality at any time $t$ to be solved for the velocity field and the complementary plastic factor. There is the plastic factor in a strain-driven process. The solution procedure proposed here to solve the initial and boundary value problem is based on the solutions of the variational inequality at time $t$, coupled with an update algorithm in order to evaluate the current state of the material for an incremental deformation process. This time the return mapping algorithm is avoided as the values of the plastic factor and the velocity are known at time $t.$ As we developed a procedure to simultaneously solve the equilibrium equation coupled with the rate-independent evolution equations, no necessity to compute the algorithmic elasto-plastic tangent moduli occurs. The numerical simulations are done for the mixed hardening elasto-plastic model involving Armstrong–Frederick kinematic hardening. To validate the proposed numerical algorithms, we compare the solutions based on the variational inequality and those based on return mapping algorithm, computed for the same Prager kinematic hardening law.     

Untersuchungen zur Dauerfestigkeit carbonitrierter Proben aus den Einsatzstählen 18CrNiMo7‐6und 20MnCr5

The endurance limit of carbonitrided specimens of 18CrNiMo7‐6 and 20MnCr5 case hardening steels were examined under bending conditions. Four variants were manufactured differing in heat treatment and surface conditions. Besides conventional gas carburised variants, carbonitrided specimens with a low and a raised nitrogen content of 0.2 and 0.45% at the surface as well as a carbonitrided and ground variant were examined. The specimens were tested with stress ratios R = –1 and 0. Depending on the nitrogen content cyclic loading evokes compressive residual stresses at the specimens' surfaces, caused by elastic‐plastic deformation. Specimens of the ground variant show additionally a decrease of the residual austenite content when cycled. The induced compressive residual stresses are substantially responsible for high endurance limits at both stress ratios and are the key for understanding the beneficial effect of carbonitriding in this regard.     

锥孔滚压头的开发设计

为了解决泥浆泵液力端泵头1：6锥孔表面加工精度不高,在使用中出现锥孔表面剌蚀而报废的问题,本文介绍了一种性价比较高,简单易行,安全可靠的锥孔滚压工艺方法,通过该工艺方法的实施,提高了锥孔表面加工精度和硬度,达到了设计要求,保证了泵头质量,延长了泵头的使用寿命,减少了阀及阀组件更换频次,大大的降低了运行成本,为用户安全生产提供了优质的产品保障。     

烧结法赤泥的矿物学特征与快速固化机理

采用DTA-TG、XRD、扫描电镜及能谱等方法,系统分析了烧结法赤泥在不同条件堆存过程中质量损失、含碳量与含水量变化、物相组成、化学成分等特征及快速固化机理。赤泥中钙的氢氧化物最容易转化为碳酸钙,此作用可使赤泥获得早期强度。硅酸二钙水化速度缓慢,不可能靠它的水化在较短时间内获得明显的强度。添加石膏或适量硫酸形成硫酸钙和钙矾石等途径来获得赤泥的早期强度是可能的,而长期堆存过程中通过硅酸二钙的缓慢水化及压实作用则可使堆存赤泥获得更高的整体强度。     

Inconel 718合金的加工硬化行为

采用准静态拉伸试验方法研究Inconel718合金的加工硬化特性。结果表明,Inconel 718合金加工硬化规律基本遵循Hollomon公式。合金在退火态和冷拔态的应变硬化指数n 分别为0 476和0 15 3 ,拟合方程式的相关系数分别为0 89和0 99。室温条件下,Inconel 718合金塑性变形阶段的真应力-真应变关系可用Voce型公式描述,拟合方程式的相关系数大于0 99。     

矿岩料层动态粉碎应力－应变曲线的应变率效应分析

用自行研制的矿岩料层动态粉碎性能测试装置，对四种典型矿岩在五种不同应变率下进行实验研究，分析了应变率对应力－应变全过程曲线的影响。结果表明，应变率和应力－应变曲线相敏感，而且应变率效应随岩石物理力学性质和应力－应变曲线的不同发展阶段而改变。不同应变率下的岩石料层动态塑性特性可用Ｃｒｉｓｔｅｓｃｕ提出的拟线性塑性本构方程来描述。