GIS的应用与研究

地理信息系统(GIS)随着信息技术的发展,更加趋于多元化和多学科的交叉发展。该文阐述了GIS的应用理论,应用类型,研究热点和具体应用分析,并预测分析了GIS今后的发展趋势。     

基于ISM模型的行业收入差距成因仿真分析

在社会经济体系研究中,从系统结构和仿真的技术人手,在综合利用SPSS等软件的基础上,通过矩阵运算,测算出行业收入差距基尼系数和泰尔指数,发现行业收入差距不断扩大.根据经济学和系统工程理论筛选影响行业收入差距的因素,构建ISM模型,对行业收入差距成因系统进行测试,通过T检验优化模型和ISM层次筛选法得出主要原因.综合分析得出结论,微观因素行业收入差距产生和扩大的主要原因,经济体制市场化改革足差距产生和扩大的重要环境因素.     

Size and expansion ratio analysis of micro nozzle gas flow

Size and expansion ratio effects on the flowfield are investigated for micro converging-diverging nozzles. Numerical computations are conducted by using two dimensional augmented Burnett equations and Navier-Stokes equations that were derived from the Boltzmann equation. The Maxwell-Smoluchowski slip boundary condition is used for adiabatic walls, and Steger-Warming flux vector splitting scheme is applied to the convective inviscid flux terms. The results from the augmented Burnett equation are compared with Navier-Stokes and Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) results. Then, nozzle-size analysis is conducted for between 2 µm and 100 µm throat width. Influence of the Knudsen number is investigated, and temperature and Mach number variations are presented. In addition, the influence of the expansion ratio is studied with three (1.7:1, 3.4:1, and 6.8:1) different configurations. The results are compared with each other and an experimental data in the literature.     

Chemical stimulation techniques for geothermal wells: experiments on the three-well EGS system at Soultz-sous-Forêts,France

Rock matrix stimulation is a method of enhancing well production or injection within a broad range of challenging environments, varying from naturally fractured limestones to sandstones with complex mineralogy. A common and often successful stimulation option, matrix acidizing, utilizes acids that react and remove mineral phases restricting fluid flow. Reviewed is the technology of chemical treatments available for oil, gas and geothermal wells and the key elements and results of the chemical reservoir stimulation program at the Soultz-sous-Forêts, France, Enhanced Geothermal System Project.     

Standing on the shoulders of giants: Understanding changes in urban water practice through the lens of complexity science

Scholars assert that traditional approaches to urban water management need reforming. These debates have identified the need to move toward systems and complexity thinking. The literature offers limited insight into the utility of complexity theory in enhancing urban water policy and practice. This paper aims to address this gap by: (i) synthesizing the intellectual history of complexity science, (ii) identifying key principles of complexity theory and (iii) providing insights into how complexity theory can contribute to twenty-first century urban water management. We reveal how Newtonian logic is deeply embedded in contemporary Western urban water policy and practice. We identify three insights from complexity science that could potentially yield better urban water policy and practice outcomes: system boundaries; agents and networks; and far from equilibrium. These theoretical insights offer an important contribution to scholarly debates as embedded normative frameworks need to be recognized, understood and addressed before transformative change can materialize.     

One View of the Future

Abstract

Floods, droughts, water scarcity, and water contamination are some among many water problems that are present today and will be even more noticeable in the future. In the past, many different tools have been used for simulation and optimization of complex water resources systems in order to provide an improved basis for decision making. The continuing evolution of information technology (hardware and software) creates a good environment for the transition to new tools. Application of the systems approach to water resources planning, management, and operations has been established as one of the most important advances made in the field of water resources engineering. Based on the lessons learned, this contribution provides my personal view on the tools to be used in the future. Two paradigm shifts are discussed. The first one is focusing on the complexity of the water resources domain and the complexity of the modelling tools in an environment characterised by continuous rapid technological development. The second one deals with water-related data availability and natural variability of domain variables in time and space affecting the uncertainty of water resources decision making.     

Influence of Temperature on Bacterial Development in Waters

Microbiological stability in water mains has become an increasing problem for waterworks where more and more surface water is used for distribution requirements. Even when surface water is treated, appropriately, it usually contains a higher amount of organic compounds than does groundwater, and during certain periods, can attain temperatures between 20 and 25°C. Furthermore, ozonization applied during treatment modifies structures of the dissolved organic materials.

Twenty bacterial strains capable of aftergrowth were isolated starting from ozonized surface water, from water of subterranean origin, and from a mixture of these two types of water. Six typical strains were used to determine the importance of the temperature factor on aftergrowth in five types of waters of different characteristics.

Three criteria for the evaluation of aftergrowth are: the growth rate factor (r₂), the growth yield (maximum number of germs/mL when growth stops), and the latency time (in hours). The results, in triplicate, obtained from growth curves then were submitted to an analysis of variance by two cross classifications.

It was established that aftergrowth is related to the classical Pseudomonas and Azobacter families, but also to the species of Bacillus, Corynebacter, Micrococcus, Vibrionaceae, and even Enterobacter. Furthermore, it has been proven that the temperature factor is most important in all aspects, as an increase in water temperature enhances all growth characteristics: shortening of the lag-phase; increase in growth-rate factor; and yield.

Under practical conditions, the significant growth delay is very important. With Pseudomonas putida, the lag-phase is on the order of three days at +7.5°C and 10 hours at +17°C.     

高温超导变压器

高温超导变压器与常规变压器相比 ,具有体积小、重量轻、效率高、无火灾隐患、不污染环境和限制短路电流改善系统动态稳定性等诸多优点。阐述了欧洲、美国及日本等国家的高温超导变压器的研究现状、基本特点、优越性及研究中存在的技术问题等。并且讨论了高温超导变压器的设计原则和将来其投入电力系统运行时所需要进一步考虑的问题