Content of various elements in different parts of the tea plant and in infusions of black tea from Southern India

Contents of various elements in dyferent parts of the tea plant (shoot, mature leaf, small stem, thick wood and root), black tea manufactured by the crush-tear-curl and orthodox processes, and tea brew after 1 and 5 min of infusion were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. From these, the amount of each element assimilated in the production of 1000 kg of marketable tea, as well as the quantity of each element brought into infusion and thus possib f y taken up through drinking tea, were calculated and discussed. Among the various elements assimilated by the tea plant, the shoot jraction (economically important for manufacturing commercial tea) contained high concentrations of N, P, K and Mg while the mature leaf accumulated Al, Bu, Ca, Cd, Mn, Pb and Sr. Of the dgerent elements brought into infusion while brewing black tea, the amount of K was found to be the largest (> 10000 μg g⁻¹ tea) followed by P (700–1200 μg g⁻¹), Mg (300–700 μg g⁻¹), Ca and A1 (each 150–300 μg⁻¹), Mn (60–150 μg g⁻¹), Cu, Na, Si and Z n (each 6–50 μg g⁻¹), B, Ba, Cr, Fe, Ni and Pb (each Id μg g⁻¹), and Sr, Co and Gd (each <1μg g⁻¹). The proportion of the totalamount of an element brought into infusion showed that the elements Ba, Ca, Fe and Sr were less soluble (<10 % of total amount), Al, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mg, Mn, P, Pb, Si and Zn were moderately soluble (10–50 %), and K, Nu and Ni were highly soluble (>50%). The overall mean of the extent of solubility of all elements in 1 and 5 min showed that, out of the amount soluble in 5 min, about 68% was dissolved within 1 min.     

Role of Tea1p, Tea3p and Pom1p in the determination of cell ends in Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells are rod-shaped and grow along a single axis from their two ends. Microtubules extend from the cell centre terminating at the cell ends. The ERM(ezrin/radixin/moesin)-like proteins Tea1p and Tea3p, and the Dyrk-like kinase Pom1p are cell end markers involved in the regulation of growth and microtubular dynamics at the cell ends. We have analysed the relative contribution of these three proteins to the determination of cell ends as sites both for cell growth and for microtubular termination. Pom1Delta, in combination with Tea1Delta or Tea3Delta, has the greatest difficulty in relocalizing actin to the cell ends following actin depolymerization and generates the most defective growth pattern. Tea1Delta, in combination with Pom1Delta or Tea3Delta, displays the highest number of microtubules bending round the cell ends. Tea1DeltaPom1Delta, which has the most defective growth pattern and microtubules, also displays the highest number of branched cells. We show that Tea1p, Tea3p and Pom1p all contribute, to different extents, to the determination of cell ends, as sites for both cell growth and microtubular termination. We also show that the fission yeast cell relies on both the positioning of landmarks and a properly organized microtubule cytoskeleton to direct cell growth.     

茶叶中多种农药残留测定方法研究

采用气相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定了茶叶中多种农药残留。样品加水后用乙腈提取,采用GCB/PSA固相萃取柱净化,淋出液浓缩至近干后用正己烷-丙酮（9：1,V/V）溶液定容,气相色谱-串联质谱测定。结果表明目标农药添加于样品中质量浓度在0.050～0.500mg/kg（r〉0.9700）范围内与峰面积呈线性关系,检出限（3S/N）位在0.1～37.5ng/g之间。加入0.100和0.400mg/kg两个浓度水平的农药标准溶液,目标农药的回收率在66.5%～114.7%之间,相对标准偏差（n=5）均小于20%。     

茶多酚对微冻鲫鱼的保鲜作用

为研究茶多酚对鲫鱼微冻贮藏过程中品质的影响,将鲜活鲫鱼剖杀和清洗后,在0.10%茶多酚溶液(水溶性和脂溶性茶多酚质量比为4∶1)中浸泡1h后取出沥干,再用聚乙烯塑料膜包装后,立即置于-3℃微冻贮藏。以感官评分、三甲胺(TMA)、pH、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)、细菌总数作为质量指标,测定鲫鱼微冻过程中的品质变化。结果表明:茶多酚处理能够明显抑制细菌生长繁殖,降低TVB-N和TBA值,减缓感官品质的下降速度,但是,茶多酚对TMA值和pH值的影响不明显。结论:茶多酚对于微冻状态下的鲫鱼具有良好的抑菌和抗氧化作用,能够明显延缓鲫鱼的腐败变质。     

Antioxidant activity prediction and classification of some teas using artificial neural networks

In order to characterise and to classify some teas a simple, rapid and economical method based on composition, antioxidant activity and artificial neural networks (ANNs) is proposed. For these purpose two types of ANN based applications have been developed: one for predicting the antioxidant activity and a second one for establishing the class of the teas. The complex relationship between the total antioxidant activity (AA) depending on the total flavonoids content (F), total catechins content (C) and total methyl-xanthines content (MX) of commercial teas was revealed by the first designed feed-forward ANN. Secondly, using a probabilistic ANN, successful tea classification in various classes (green tea, black tea and express black tea) was also performed.     

菌菇营养茶有效成分溶出条件优化研究

菌菇营养茶兼有菇和茶的营养保健功效,即可作茶单独饮用,也可作酱卤制品的营养调味料。本文研究以茶菇配比、冲泡固液比和时间为因素,多糖含量为指标,采用响应面法优化菌菇营养茶有效成分溶出的条件。结果表明:茶与菇的最佳配比为3:1,用32倍的水冲泡,冲泡5min可最大限度地保证其功效成分。     

Concentration and Drying of Tea Polyphenols Extracted from Green Tea Using Molecular Distillation and Spray Drying

The purpose of this study was to develop a method of combining molecular distillation and spray drying to concentrate and dry tea polyphenols extracts. Molecular distillation and spray drying of tea phenols extracts were performed using an orthogonal array design. The order of importance that influenced molecular distillation was distillation temperature > flux > rotational speed. The optimal conditions for concentration by molecular distillation were 70°C distillation temperature, 10 mL/min flux, and 1,200 n/min rotational speed. Inlet temperature was found to be the most important determinant of spray drying. The order of importance that influenced the spray drying was inlet temperature > feed flux > wind capacity > feed concentration. The optimal conditions for drying of tea polyphenols extracts by spray drying were determined as follows: 170°C distillation temperature, 3 mL/min feed flux, 30% feed concentration, and 30 m³/h wind capacity. Results of this study indicated that the combination of molecular distillation and spray drying was very suitable for the concentration and drying of tea polyphenols extracts. Using this approach to process tea polyphenol extracts can not only maintain the quality of tea polyphenols but also save time and energy.     

浅析西湖龙井茶品质形成的原因

西湖龙井茶是我国绿茶中最知名的产品之一,本文试从优异的茶区环境、优良的茶树品种、严格的栽培管理、精湛的加工技术浅析形成西湖龙井独特品质的原因,并通过简单的比较试验进一步论证了鲜叶原料和加工技术的重要性,对西湖龙井茶品质中有关"韵"的理解提出一些看法。     

Total content and speciation of aluminium in tea leaves and tea infusions

A total of 29 tea samples of different origin, 13 green tea samples, 13 black tea samples, two semi-fermented and one white tea, imported to the Czech Republic, were collected and analysed for total content of aluminium (Al) in tea leaves and tea infusions, as well as for Al compounds in these infusions. The total content of metals in tea leaves differs according to the type of tea (green or black) and is probably influenced by many factors, e.g., soil properties. The HPLC/IC speciation of Al in tea infusions was performed for all samples. The addition of Al³⁺ to the tea infusion proved that Al³⁺, Al(Y)²⁺ and Al(X)¹⁺ species can be determined in tea infusions. Increased extraction time did not show any affect on Al speciation, neither did the addition of sugar. After the addition of lemon juice, the speciation changed in one sample of black tea and five samples of green tea. These findings suggest that lemon juice as an additive can significantly influence Al speciation in tea infusions.     

“金龙”保健茶饮料的研制

介绍了以金银花、乌龙茶为主要原料经加工处理制成一种新型保健饮料的生产工艺，并讨论了防止饮料香气损失及沉淀生成的措施等。