The synthesis of carbon nanostructures from tea plant wastes

Tea wastes are rich in carbon, nitrogen and potassium but poor in phosphorus, which signifies that they can also be used to reduce metal oxides after they are carbonised. The tea wastes were carbonised at the first stage. The sample, which was put into a ladle with screw cap, was carbonised in a muffle furnace at 400, 500, 600, 700 and 800°C for 30, 60, 90, 120, 240, 360, 720 and 1440?min. It was determined that carbon and sulphur contents of the sample carbonised at 800°C for 1440?min were 94.68 and 0.05%, respectively. Calorific value of the same sample was 8652?cal?g^?1. It was found that with increasing temperature, carbon ratio of the carbonised samples increased and their sulphur ratio decreased from 0.39 to 0.05%. The carbonised structure was subjected to the milling process as the second stage. In the milling process, particle size of the carbon-rich sample was brought into nano size and the structure acquired the energy, required for the third stage. The amorphous carbon structure obtained after the milling process was subjected to annealing process at 1400°C as the third stage. As a result of these processes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nano-onion structures and amorphous carbon structures were determined in the structure.     

联用紫外线辐射改性的羊毛织物茶色素同浴媒染工艺

以茶色素/金属媒染剂同浴媒染法为基础,对分别应用不同金属媒染剂的羊毛织物茶色素同浴媒染工艺进行筛选,对比经紫外线辐射改性前后的羊毛织物染色性能。结果表明,茶色素/铜媒同浴媒染的改性前后羊毛织物K/S值与固色率均较其余工艺高,并通过对比实验数据证实紫外线辐射有利于提升羊毛织物染色性能,故将其与茶色素/铜媒同浴媒染工艺联用进而增强茶色素染色效果。通过单因素分析对联用紫外线辐射改性的羊毛织物茶色素/铜媒同浴媒染工艺进行讨论并选择紫外线辐射改性时间、铜媒用量及染色时间等因子的优化范围,进而利用3因子二次通用旋转组合设计进行优化,从而确定优化工艺为(用量/对织物重(o.w.f)):紫外线辐射改性9 min,茶色素5.0%,铜媒1.7%,HCOOH 2.0%,pH=3.5~4.0,浴比1:50,95℃条件下染色60 min。与常规茶色素后铬媒染工艺相比,该优化工艺具有更好的染色效果和较低的金属媒染剂用量。     

增效剂对油溶性茶多酚硒的抗氧化增效作用研究

在100℃恒温及黑暗条件下,采用空气自然氧化考察了维生素C、酒石酸、柠檬酸对LTP-Se在蓖麻油中抗氧化性能。结果表明m(增放剂)的添加量为0.01%、0.03%、0.05%时,对油溶性茶多酚硒抗氧化增效效果较好,m(VC)添加量为0.05%,LTP-Se添加浓度为100mg/kg的油样抗氧化生最佳。     

景观雕塑的叙事性设计——论益阳茶文化公园的设计方案

本文以益阳茶文化公园的景观雕塑设计为依托,探讨了文学中的叙事性概念在景观雕塑中的运用,提出了叙事性的景观设计手法,希望能为景观的叙事性设计提供一定的参考价值。     

Correlation between leaf age,shade levels,and characteristic beneficial natural constituents of tea (Camellia sinensis) grown in Hawaii

This study showed the relationship between tea leaf age, bud and first two leaves, and shade levels, on the relative concentrations of six major compounds of tea leaf, namely l-theanine, caffeine, and the major tea catechins; (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (−)-epicatechin (EC), and (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECG), all of which are reported to have positive effects on human health, as well as at the ferric reducing antioxidant power of bud and leaf extracts. The concentration of l-theanine and caffeine decreased as leaf age increased moving from bud to first and then second leaf, while the concentration of the four catechins increased from the bud to first and second leaves. In most cases this increase was generally relatively small but in the case of EGC it was 7 to 10-fold. Certain chemical components of freshly picked, minimally processed and essentially unoxidised tea may potentially be used as markers for age, quality, authenticity and area of growth.     

Effects of tea polyphenol coating combined with ozone water washing on the storage quality of black sea bream (Sparus macrocephalus)

The present research evaluated the effects of tea polyphenol (TP) combined with ozone water (O₃) on the quality of black sea bream (Sparus macrocephalus) over a period of 15 days storage at 4 °C. A solution of TP (0.2%, w/v) was used to coat the fish after washing with ozone water (1 mg/L). Fish physicochemical (pH, K value, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid, total volatile basic nitrogen, trimethylamine, texture, and colour), sensory, and bacteriological characteristics were all analysed. TP + O₃ treatment effectively reduced nucleotide breakdown, lipid oxidation, protein decomposition, and microbial growth, and maintained better characteristics of texture, colour, and sensory compared with the control. The efficiency of TP + O₃ treatment was also better than that of TP treatment or O₃ treatment alone. Therefore, tea polyphenol coating combined with ozone water prewashing may be a promising method of maintaining the storage quality of black sea bream and of extending fish post-mortem shelf-life during 4 °C storage.     

Fluoride in teas of different types and forms and the exposure of humans to fluoride with tea and diet

Human exposure to the fluoride (F) from commercial teas was assessed. The efficacy of the F leaching was determined from the total F (F_t) contents in the teas (53–435 mg/kg) and the F concentrations in tea infusions (0.31–3.55 mg/l of free F available to human organism). Both were determined with a fluoride ion selective electrode. The efficacies of F leaching from the green, oolong and black teas were 55–90% with continuous, and 74–100% by repeated infusions, and were not affected by the type or the manufactured form. Lower efficacies were observed from Pu’erh teas, 21–38% with continuous, and 37–59% by repeated infusions. The daily intake of F with daily consumption of five cups of tea can represent 9–101% of the adequate intake (AI) for an adult person with 70 kg, and with tea and diet 25–173% of the AI in non-fluoridated and 35–210% of AI in fluoridated areas. The upper limits of these intakes can be already associated with a risk of developing F-related adverse effects.     

泰山茶文化发展的历史、现状及建议

泰山茶文化早在唐代就已形成,目前正呈现出蓬勃发展的态势。要提高泰山茶的知名度,首先需要政府重视泰山茶文化的建设与宣传;其次,要进一步挖掘整理泰山茶文化,丰富泰山茶文化内容;然后,结合泰山旅游文化特色和茶行业特色,营造泰山茶文化氛围,多途径发展茶文化。     

Kinetics and equilibria of tea infusion: Rates of extraction of theaflavin,caffeine and theobromine from several whole teas and sieved fractions

The rates of infusion of theaflavin and caffeine into water at 80°C have been measured for Kapchorua Pekoe Fannings, Kapchorua Pekoe Dust, Betjan Flowery Broken Orange Pekoe and Rupai Flowery Orange Fannings whole teas and sieved fractions. For Kapchorua PF fractions the rates of theobromine infusion were also determined. Caffeine always infused faster than theobromine, and both infused faster than theaflavin. Rate constants were obtained from the slopes of first order kinetic plots which yielded straight lines with small intercepts. The rate constants for all three constituents increased by a factor of 2.2 as leaf size decreased from 850–1000μm to 500–600μm. The rates of extraction from whole teas varied more than fourfold. Kapchorua PD gave the most rapid rates and Betjan FBOP the slowest. Comparisons of similarly sized fractions of teas showed that leaf size distributions accounted for half these differences and the intrinsic properties of the leaf for the remaining factor of two. The Kenyan CTC teas gave higher rate constants than the Indian orthodox teas. From the rate constants, the effective diffusion coefficients for theaflavin and caffeine in Betjan FBOP leaf were calculated and found to be some 100 times smaller than in water. This shows the diffusion processes within the leaf to be complex ones.