What Happened to Ecology? John McHale and the Bucky Fuller Revival

Since the early 20th century, the environmental impulse in architecture has waxed and waned. Anthony Vidler considers this cyclical phenomenon, particularly in relation to the Independent Group in Britain during the 1950s, which culminated in John McHale's discovery of Richard Buckminster Fuller in 1955 and the full-blown Bucky Fuller revival of the 1960s. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

火洲黑玉和品系SP87-13-3胚挽救体系的建立

以火洲黑玉和品系SP87-13-3为母本,对杂交胚珠进行胚挽救。结果表明:两个品系均在授粉后42 d取样达到最大成苗率;在花前2周喷施5 mg/L的6-BA可以提高火洲黑玉的成苗率;在继代培养基中加入CCC可以壮苗,提高移栽成活率。     

A new method for solving the problem of the mean estimation when the underlying regression function is discontinuous

In the context of finite population survey sampling, we propose a new model-based mean estimator, when the function that links the variables is discontinuous. The available estimators of the mean based on nonparametric regression are derived under the assumption that the regression function is continuous. We propose a new approach to adjust for the effect of discontinuity on regression estimation of the mean. The performance of the proposed estimator is analysed through a simulation study because the theoretic study of asymptotics is not possible. In the literature, the new estimator requires more computational cost than others, but the simulation experiments indicate that the proposed method has higher efficiency than other traditional parametric and nonparametric regression methods.     

The influence of seed weight on the development and growth of berries and live green ovaries in Vitis vinifera L. cvs. Pinot Noir and Cabernet Sauvignon

Background and Aims:  Variation in berry size is observed at harvest. Although the growth of seeded berries has been described, no such data are reported for seedless berries or live green ovaries that occur in wine cultivars. This study describes the growth of individual berries in relation to seed development.
Methods and Results:  Regular measurements of berry diameter described the growth of Pinot Noir and Cabernet Sauvignon. Seeded berries had typical double sigmoid growth curves, whereas seedless berries, which developed more slowly from midway through Phase I, continued to grow in Phase III if a seed trace was present. Berries without a seed trace did not enlarge after Phase II. Live green ovaries failed to grow after a small initial expansion post-cap fall.
Conclusion:  Seeded berries had double sigmoid growth as a result of cell division and expansion, whereas the growth of seedless berries and live green ovaries was the result of cell expansion alone. Seed development is necessary for cell division within the mesocarp.
Significance of the Study:  Seed development is essential for the full development of Pinot Noir and Cabernet Sauvignon berries. The data suggest that divergence of berry development from a characteristic growth curve may be linked to the extent of seed development.     

保鲜剂不同组合对袋内SO2积累及葡萄保鲜质量的影响

采用不同剂型及包装形式、不同扎眼工艺、放置高分子吸水纸垫及其组合,形成6 种保鲜处理方式,在－1～0 ℃条件下对无核白葡萄进行贮藏,研究贮藏期间不同保鲜剂组合对袋内SO2积累量及无核白葡萄保鲜品质的影响,比较不同剂型保鲜剂及其组合对果肉SO2残留量、果柄耐拉力、果实汁液pH值、可溶性固形物含量以及果实腐烂率、漂白率、落粒率的影响。结果表明：3.5 kg包装的无核白葡萄,放入CT2号保鲜剂5 小包＋免扎眼保鲜剂1 小包效果最好,在贮藏50 d后,果柄耐拉力为2.44 N,果实汁液pH值为3.43,可溶性固形物含量为17.16%,在贮藏105 d后,果肉SO2残留量为10.21 mg/kg,残留量明显低于其他处理,且腐烂率、漂白率、落粒率均较低。     

无核白葡萄热风干燥过程中总酚与抗氧化活性的变化

为了评价褐变的发生对葡萄营养与功能活性的影响,跟踪考察无核白葡萄在30℃热风干燥过程中的色度、总酚含量及DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS+·清除能力和还原能力等抗氧化活性的变化。结果表明：无核白葡萄在干燥的第8天开始出现明显的褐变,之后随着干燥时间的延长褐变程度不断加深,表现为红值(a*)上升,亮度值(L*)、黄值(b*)和色彩饱和度(c*)下降;干燥过程中,葡萄果实中总酚含量和抗氧化活性均呈总体下降趋势,但在第8天时有突然增大,之后又迅速下降;第8天时总酚含量的突然增大与葡萄开始褐变和红值(a*)峰值的出现时间相吻合;整个干燥过程中的总酚含量与3种抗氧化活性评价结果之间呈极显著正相关。这些现象说明,无核白葡萄中总酚是赋予其抗氧化活性的主要物质,褐变程度的加深会导致葡萄中总酚含量和抗氧化活性的下降。     

BioSuee膜对葡萄品质的影响及其降解性能研究

目的 探究BioSuee可降解膜对鲜食葡萄采后的保鲜作用,以及在贮藏过程中的降解性能,筛选出保鲜及降解效果较好的BioSuee膜材料。方法 以新疆无核白葡萄为实验材料,采用3种不同厚度的BioSuee膜(B4、B5、B6)及PE保鲜膜进行包装,在(15±1)℃条件下贮藏14 d;将膜分别放置在自然条件和土壤中140 d进行观察。通过分析葡萄的生理品质、包装膜内的气体成分和降解情况,探讨BioSuee膜对葡萄贮藏品质的影响,以及其自身的降解情况。结果 采用BioSuee膜处理均可较好地保持果实的采后品质,且具有较好的降解效果,B4膜的降解率为84.7%,B5膜的降解率为81.22%,B6膜的降解率为92.8%。在贮藏结束时,B6膜处理组葡萄果实的质量损失率为7.62%,腐烂率为8.8%,分别为PE贮藏组果实的75.37%和28.33%;无核白葡萄果实的可溶性固形物含量为18.8%,硬度为4.94 N,与PE贮藏组相比分别提高了20.44%和10.46%。在贮藏中后期,B6膜包装中CO2的体积分数为3.5%~4%,O2的体积分数在16.6%~16.7%间波动。在降解结束时,土壤环境中B6膜的质量损失率和断裂伸长率分别为12.64%和6.84%,表面形态和微观结构均出现了明显的破碎和崩裂。结论 与其他处理组相比,采用B6膜能较好地保持无核白葡萄的贮藏品质,且具有较好的降解效果。     

Effect of heat treatment,pH, sugar concentration,and metal ion addition on green color retention in homogenized puree of Thompson seedless grape

Homogenized puree of Thompson seedless (Vitis vinifera ‘Thompson Seedless’) grape was treated under different conditions, including heating time (5–30 min), temperature (20–80 °C) and pH (2–10). Treatments with separate additions of glucose, fructose, and sucrose at concentrations of 100–600 g/L and salts of MgCl₂, ZnCl₂, GuSO₄, and KCl at concentration of 1 g/L were also tested at 20 °C up to 30 min. Relative chlorophyll pigment retention (CR) was measured at 664 nm. The chlorophyll pigments were the most stable at 20 °C and the nature pH of grape puree (pH 3.4). Increasing temperature and changing pH reduced CR. After 30 min treatment at 80 °C, CR decreased to lower than 20% and 50% at pH 2 and 5, separately. Increasing fructose and sucrose concentrations reduced CR at pH 3, but increased it at most levels at pH 4. Increasing glucose concentration protected chlorophyll pigment from reduction in some cases at pH 3 and 4. CR increased with addition of metal ions increased at pH 4, but decreased at pH 3. Conditions of 23.3 °C, pH 4.5, and 120 g/kg fructose and 210 g/kg glucose produced the highest CR value.