Theory-based metrological traceability in education: A reading measurement network

Huge resources are invested in metrology and standards in the natural sciences, engineering, and across a wide range of commercial technologies. Significant positive returns of human, social, environmental, and economic value on these investments have been sustained for decades. Proven methods for calibrating test and survey instruments in linear units are readily available, as are data- and theory-based methods for equating those instruments to a shared unit. Using these methods, metrological traceability is obtained in a variety of commercially available elementary and secondary English and Spanish language reading education programs in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, and Australia. Given established historical patterns, widespread routine reproduction of predicted text-based and instructional effects expressed in a common language and shared frame of reference may lead to significant developments in theory and practice. Opportunities for systematic implementations of teacher-driven lean thinking and continuous quality improvement methods may be of particular interest and value.     

Occurrence and traceability of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from sheep's milk cheese-making plants environment

The aim of the study was to conduct an extensive survey on Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria spp. environmental contamination in 13 cheese-making plants. A total of 409 environmental and food samples were collected during years 2011–2013. Listeria spp. contamination was observed in all the facilities, while L. monocytogenes was recovered from 12 facilities with a prevalence ranging between 3.0% and 22.6%. Floor drains were the most contaminated sampling sites (48.8% of positive samples), serving as harbourage site for subsequent contamination. Out of 616 isolates, 277 (45.0%) were Listeria innocua, 274 (44.5%) L. monocytogenes, 41 (6.6%) Listeria ivanovii, 14 (2.3%) Listeria welshimeri and 10 (1.6%) Listeria gravyi. Serotyping carried out by PCR and agglutination method for L. monocytogenes revealed that 169 strains (61.7%) were serotype 1/2a, 65 (23.7%) 4b, 20 (7.3%) 1/2b, 10 (3.6%) 3a, 7 (2.5%) 1/2c and 3 (1.1%) 3b. PFGE conducted on L. monocytogenes isolates using AscI and ApaI restriction enzymes, yielded 6 clusters. Two predominant PFGE clusters were observed including respectively 36 and 32 strains. Within cheese-making plants, L. monocytogenes showed wide variability with strains distributed up to 4 different clusters. Pulsotypes isolated from raw milk filter were never detected in the processing environment, indicating that the contamination originated from sources other than raw milk. The isolation of strains with similar profile from different sampling sites, within and among cheese-making plants, indicated the possible transfer of L. monocytogenes contamination along production lines and from one facility to another. Strains recovered from food were confirmed as originating from the processing environment.     

红外光谱技术在鱼产品质量检测与安全评估中的应用

近年来消费者对鱼产品的掺假问题愈发关注,从而针对鱼产品的质量评估的相关研究也逐渐增加。传统的鱼类成分分析和质量检测技术方法烦琐、费力、昂贵、费时,而光谱技术因其具有速度快、使用方便、样品制备最少或不需要样品制备,及避免样品破坏等优点而受到越来越多的关注。本文综述了以红外光谱技术为主的光谱技术,包括近红外光谱技术、中红外光谱技术等在鱼类及鱼产品的成分和其他质量特性监测中的应用,并对光谱技术的应用前景和发展方向进行了展望,以期为红外光谱技术在鱼类及鱼产品质量监测体系中推广应用提供指导,为解决鱼产品及相关行业的质量问题提供了一种新的途径。     

Traceability of electrical quantities obtained by sampling

The substitution of the traditional analogic measurement and processing techniques with sampling methods is a trend in modern metrology. Many commercial instruments perform this determination by means of their internal firmware. An analysis is necessary when sampling instruments are employed within a laboratory, for the determination of one or more quantities. However, this analysis is possible only under some specific circumstances, where both the characteristics of the samples and the processing algorithms have to be known.The paper will consider the samples as input for the determination of given quantities and the methods to evaluate the uncertainty of the results from the uncertainty of the samples and their correlation. The example is derived by the uncertainty evaluation of the INRIM system for the precision measurement of the power, where the determination of the accuracy has been accomplished both by an almost analytical approach followed by a numerical evaluation.     

水产品可追溯信息管理系统的设计

以SQLServer2005和ASP．NET为开发平台,采用RFIO技术和zigbee技术,建立起一个多层次、多用户、多权限的水产品追溯系统。该系统主要由读写器和一个面向对象的信息管理平台组成,其中读写器通过RFID技术读写标签,并采用zigbee技术与上位机的通信,实现数据的读取、查询功能。该系统以水产品供应链中重要采集点的信息为信息源,实现信息的采集、传输、管理、存储、查询等功能。     

Traceability technologies for farm animals and their products in China

The history of traceability reveals that nomadic herders as early as 1000 BCE marked livestock with irons and ear incisions in order to protect against thefts. Nowadays, we build traceability systems to document the origin of foods, and in order to ensure safer foods when tracking and recalling products. A holistic traceability system includes, as a minimum, identification elements, databases and an information flow. The animal identification elements refers to body marks, ear tags, Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tags, retina image recognition, or DNA fingerprinting. The product identification refers to barcodes (EAN UCC, PLU, and GS1), 2D barcodes (QR, VC, and DM) and RFID or Electronic Product Code (EPC). The present review describes existing and upcoming traceability technologies for farm animals and their products, to update the common methods for information collection and data inquiry, with the view to expound traceability policies and regulations between developed and developing countries. The benefits of the new technologies and their practical limitations are also discussed.     

Data and process requirements for product recall coordination

When an organisation becomes aware that one of its products may pose a safety risk to customers, it must take appropriate action as soon as possible or it can be held liable. The ability to automatically trace potentially dangerous goods through the supply chain would thus help organisations fulfil their legal obligations in a timely and effective manner. Furthermore, product recall legislation requires manufacturers to separately notify various government agencies, the health department and the public about recall incidents. This duplication of effort and paperwork can introduce errors and data inconsistencies. In this paper, we examine traceability and notification requirements in the product recall domain from two perspectives: the activities carried out during the manufacturing and recall processes and the data collected during the enactment of these processes. We then propose a workflow-based coordination framework to support these data and process requirements.     

A real-time agro-food authentication and supervision system on a novel code for improving traceability credibility

Counterfeiting products and abusing labels lead to less credibility for traceability system in China recently. Authentication and supervision agencies driven by government departments play an important role for ensuring the quality safety in the case of lacking the willingness and credit of enterprises. A complete authentication and supervision flow framework was constructed based on an identification code (IdC) for authenticated origin base, which linked two actors of the agencies and the enterprises, and three subsystems of On-line Authentication Subsystem (OAS), Safety Production Management Client (SMC) and Mobile Supervision Application (MSA). IdC consisted of longitude and latitude of origin base as position code, production code and authentication type code. With a relative position partition method on 6 zones every 27° for China map and a coordination transformation algorithm, an absolute longitude and latitude value was converted into a relative position value and a zone mark value. IdC and packaging date code formed initial traceability code (TC). 8 digits packaging date code was reconstructed into 3 digits relative time value and 1 digit period mark according to a relative time period partition method with a period of 999d as time intervals and four periods form a cycle. Validation code was generated integrating the zone mark value, period mark value and authentication type code. Therefore, transformed 20 digits TC with the characters of shorter code length and stronger encryption was formed with IdC, relative time value and validation code. Three subsystems for different actors which provide the main function such as origin base registration, agency authentication, QR code generation, data uploading and product verification, were developed. The system has been used in Tianjin city from 2012. 213 enterprises were audited through OAS and used SMC. Through investigating 8 supervision agency staffs, 30 origin base owners, and 50 customers, it is shown that the positive effects are approved by most of the investigators and two negative effects for enhancing the costs and doubting the authentication reliability are laid by 17 enterprises and 12 customers. Furthermore, 4 typical cases for counterfeiting and abusing the labels were exampled and can be solved to a certain extent with the system. However, except for the technology itself, a management measures fitting the supervision flow and system need to draft in order to improve the system application well in the future.     

A traceability information model for CNC manufacturing

This paper proposes an information model for tracing CNC manufacturing operations. The objective of the model is to assure that traceability data is comprehensive and available for every CNC machined product, independent of the relationship between the subcontractor and the contractor. The prominent feature of the model is a link between CNC report data for a product instance, the CAD design and the CAM data. This link enables users to browse the traceability data and understand the relationships between the manufacturing process, the CAD design and the CAM data. The link is independent of the systems used to build the CAD and CAM data, and allows the users to be sure the manufactured product contains the required characteristics. Then if a product instance fails, this linkage will make possible to analyze the trace data and identify any exceptions or unusual conditions in the manufacturing process.