添加乳蛋白水解物的配方奶粉的免疫功能评价

根据我国免疫调节功能食品的评价方法,对添加乳蛋白水解物的免疫增强乳制品的免疫调节作用进行评价。在实验中,采用Balb/c 小鼠建立免疫低下模型,以不同剂量的配方奶粉对小鼠进行灌胃实验,分别进行免疫脏器质量、细胞免疫功能、体液免疫功能、单核- 巨嗜细胞功能等指标检测。结果表明：在所选定的剂量范围内,添加乳源蛋白水解物的老年奶粉和婴幼儿(三段)奶粉结果均为阳性,因此可判定配方奶粉具有免疫增强作用。     

酸度计法快速检测牛奶中残留的β-内酰胺酶

为了快速、准确地检测牛奶制品中残留的β- 内酰胺酶的含量,利用β- 内酰胺酶分解青霉素产酸使牛奶pH 值下降的原理,对人工添加了β- 内酰胺酶的牛奶制品与青霉素反应后pH 值的下降规律进行研究。得到牛奶中残留的β- 内酰胺酶与青霉素反应的较适宜条件,从而获得快速检测牛奶制品中残留的β- 内酰胺酶的方法。结果确定牛奶制品中残留的β- 内酰胺酶与青霉素反应的适宜条件为温度33℃、底物质量浓度10mg/mL,检测时间仅为60min。此方法对液态纯牛奶中β- 内酰胺酶的最低检出限为8.92U/mL。     

藏灵菇源酸奶复合菌发酵剂对大鼠脂质过氧化的影响

目的:探讨藏灵菇源酸奶复合菌发酵剂对实验性高胆固醇血症大鼠的抗氧化相关酶及脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的影响。方法:采用预防性大鼠脂质代谢紊乱模型,将试验大鼠分成基础对照组、高脂模型组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组。其中高脂模型组和试验组饲喂高脂饲料,试验Ⅰ组灌胃脱脂酸奶复合菌发酵剂,试验Ⅱ组灌胃全脂酸奶复合菌发酵剂。结果:试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组与高脂模型组相比,可极显著(p0.01)地降低高胆固醇血症大鼠血清和肝组织中的MDA含量。试验Ⅰ组大鼠的SOD、GSH-PX和T-AOC活性极显著(p0.01)升高。试验组肝组织切片脂滴堆积量比模型组减少,病理检查结果表明有明显的保肝作用。试验Ⅰ组的抗氧化活性、抑制肝硬化及脂肪肝效果优于试验Ⅱ组。结论:藏灵菇源酸奶复合菌发酵剂具有较强的抗氧化和预防动脉粥样硬化作用。     

Maintenance of breast milk immunoglobulin A after high-pressure processing

Human milk is considered the optimal nutritional source for infants. Banked human milk is processed using low-temperature, long-time pasteurization, which assures microbial safety but involves heat denaturation of some desirable milk components such as IgA. High-pressure processing technology, the subject of the current research, has shown minimal destruction of food macromolecules. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of pressure treatments on IgA content. Moreover, bacterial load was evaluated after pressure treatments. The effects of high-pressure processing on milk IgA content were compared with those of low-temperature, long-time pasteurization. Mature human milk samples were heat treated at 62.5°C for 30 min or pressure processed at 400, 500, or 600 MPa for 5 min at 12°C. An indirect ELISA was used to measure IgA in human milk whey obtained after centrifugation at 800 × g for 10 min at 4°C. All 3 high-pressure treatments were as effective as low-temperature, long-time pasteurization in reducing the bacterial population of the human milk samples studied. After human milk pressure processing at 400 MPa, 100% of IgA content was preserved in milk whey, whereas only 72% was retained in pasteurized milk whey. The higher pressure conditions of 500 and 600 MPa produced IgA retention of 87.9 and 69.3%, respectively. These results indicate that high-pressure processing at 400 MPa for 5 min at 12°C maintains the immunological protective capacity associated with IgA antibodies. This preliminary study suggests that high-pressure processing may be a promising alternative to pasteurization in human milk banking.     

Identification of ubiquitin in bovine milk and its growth inhibitory effects on human cancer cell lines

Bovine milk is associated with improved health and reduced risk of several diseases, among them cancer. Milk is a complex mixture of known and unknown components. The components and the mechanisms that contribute to the cancer-preventive effects are largely unknown. We set out to find new peptides in milk and identified ubiquitin (Ub) using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and Western blot. Using quantitative Western blot, we estimated the Ub concentration to be about 0.003 μmol/L in milk. We then decided to investigate the effect of treating human colon cancer CaCo-2 cells with Ub, using higher concentrations than in milk. CaCo-2 cells treated with 0.02 to 2.0 μmol/L Ub showed significantly decreased proliferation compared with untreated control cells. A higher growth inhibitory effect than in CaCo-2 cells was found in the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y treated with 0.02 to 0.2 μmol/L Ub. A bromodeoxyuridine DNA flow cytometric method was used to study cell cycle kinetics in Ub-treated CaCo-2 cells. The data point toward a prolongation of the G₁ phase. The levels of several cell cycle regulatory proteins were affected. Our data point to Ub possibly being one of the components in milk reducing the risk of cancer.     

Dietary protein oscillation: Effects on feed intake,lactation performance,and milk nitrogen efficiency in lactating dairy cows

Limited research with growing ruminants indicates that oscillating (OS) dietary crude protein (CP) concentration may improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Our aim was to determine if a total mixed ration (TMR) based on OS CP (48-h phases of 13.4% and 16.5% CP, respectively) would increase NUE of lactating dairy cows compared with a static CP TMR (ST; 14.9% CP). The experiment was a randomized complete block design with 50 cows [150 ± 61 (mean ± SD) d in milk]. Cows were blocked by parity, days in milk, and milk protein yield. On average, diets were equal in composition over the total experiment. Cows were milked twice daily, and 8 milk samples were collected in each 4-d period. Each 48 h of low-CP (LP) and high-CP (HP) TMR offered to OS cows corresponded to milk collected at milkings 1 to 4 and 5 to 8, respectively. Dry matter intake (mean = 25.5 kg/d for both treatment groups); yields of milk (mean = 31.5 kg/d for both treatment groups), protein, fat, lactose, and fat- and protein-corrected milk (mean = 33.6 kg/d for both treatment groups); and milk concentration of protein, fat, and lactose did not differ between treatments. However, milk urea concentration was higher for OS compared with ST (12.2 vs. 11.3 mg/dL). Body weight, body condition score, NUE, and feed efficiency were unaffected by OS. Apparent total-tract digestibility of dry matter (695 vs. 677 g/kg), organic matter (714 vs. 697 g/kg), CP (624 vs. 594 g/kg), neutral detergent fiber (530 vs. 499 g/kg), and starch (976 vs. 973 g/kg) were higher for OS than for ST cows. Cows in OS responded transiently, and regression analysis of differences within block over time revealed changes in yield of milk (−531 g/d), milk protein (−25.6 g/d), and milk lactose (−16.7 g/d) in LP. Opposite effects were observed for yield of milk (+612 g/d), milk protein (+28.8 g/d), and milk lactose (+28.0 g/d) during HP. Changes in concentrations of milk protein (−0.050%/d), lactose (+0.030%/d), and urea (−3.0 mg/dL per day) during LP, and in milk lactose (−0.024%/d) and urea (+4.3 mg/dL per day) during HP, were observed. Milk yield, lactose yield, and protein yield were lower for OS than ST cows at the last milking of LP and at the first milking of HP. Milk urea concentration did not show such a lag and was lower in the last 2 milkings of LP, and higher in the last 3 milkings of HP, in OS compared with ST cows. Overall, performance and NUE were unaffected by OS treatment, but apparent total-tract digestibility and milk urea concentration increased, and transient effects on milk yield and composition occurred in OS cows.     

Proteomic analysis of differentially expressed whey proteins in Saanen goat milk from different provinces in China using a data-independent acquisition technique

Whey proteins of Saanen goat milk samples from 3 provinces in China (Guangdong, GD; Inner Mongolia, IM; Shaanxi, SX) were characterized and compared using data-independent acquisition quantitative proteomics technique. A total of 550 proteins were quantified in all 3 samples. There were 44, 44, and 33 differentially expressed proteins (DEP) for GD versus IM, GD versus SX, and IM versus SX, respectively. Gene ontology annotation analysis showed that the largest number of DEP for the 3 comparisons were as follows: for biological processes: response to progesterone, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate metabolic process, and negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation; for molecular functions: antioxidant activity, binding, and peroxiredoxin activity; and for cellular components: the same category of extracellular regions for the 3 comparisons, respectively. Pathways for the DEP of 3 comparisons were (1) disease; (2) synthesis and metabolism; and (3) synthesis, degradation, and metabolism. Protein–protein interaction network analysis showed that DEP for GD versus SX had the most interactions.     

不同奶啤风味成分分析

采用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）技术和高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定4种奶啤主要风味成分及有机酸,并结合各物质的香气活性值（OAV）进行主成分分析（PCA）和香气轮分析。结果表明,奶啤中共鉴定出58种风味成分,其中醇类11种、酯类23种、酸类6种、醛和酮7种、其他类物质共11种。其中天润奶啤中醇类物质相对含量较高,达到34.92%,酯类和酸类含量最低,分别为11.32%和28.41%,金河、西域春、海伦司奶啤中三种酯类和酸类含量最高,酯类含量分别为25.39%、23.61%、30.62%,酸类含量分别为43.62%、43.91%、40.59%。主要挥发性物质为乙醇、苯乙醇、乙酸苯乙酯、正癸酸。奶啤中含草酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸、富马酸和乳酸5种有机酸,柠檬酸含量最高,且柠檬酸和乳酸为主要呈香物质。     

Organic whey as a source of Lactobacillus strains with selected technological and antimicrobial properties

Twenty‐five strains, isolated from raw, non‐pasteurised, organic whey samples, were identified phenotypically and genotypically. Biochemical tests were performed, and enzyme profiles, antibiotic resistance and antimicrobial properties were investigated. Sixteen strains were identified as genus Lactobacillus. Based on 16S rDNA gene sequence, the strains were identified as Lb. plantarum and Lb. fermentum. All of the strains had β‐galactosidase activity, and some of them reduced nitrate content. All strains utilised carbohydrates. The tested strains were characterised by low or average lipolytic and esterolytic activity. Moreover, the strains showed low proteolytic activity which is advantageous for their use as starter cultures for foods with low protein content. Strains Lb. fermentum S20, SM1, SM3, S2R and Lb. plantarum SM5 produced harmful N‐acetyl‐β‐glucosaminidase; moreover, the strain S20 produced also β‐glucuronidase. None of the strains produced α‐chymotrypsin. In phenotypic studies, most of the test strains were susceptible to gentamicin, ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, penicillin and erythromycin. Strains Lb. plantarum S1 and Lb. fermentum S4, S7, S8, S10, SM1 and SM3 did not possess any transfer resistance genes. Antagonistic activity of the culture LAB strains was assessed as high or moderate in relation to the indicator strains, with the greatest zones of inhibition for E.coli and the smallest for L. monocytogenes ATCC 15313. This study reveals that the LAB strains isolated from organic whey have high potential for food application. Some strains of species Lb. fermentum (S4, S7, S8, S10) have been identified as the best candidates.     

Incorporation of citrus fibers in fermented milk containing probiotic bacteria

The incorporation of Lactobacillus acidophilus CECT 903, Lactobacillus casei CECT 475 and Bifidobacterium bifidum CECT 870 together with lemon (LF) and orange (OF) fibers obtained from juice by-products were tested in (i) a model system: fiber enriched with de Man Rogosa Sharp (MRS) broth cultured with each probiotic bacteria and (ii) evaluation of populations of probiotic bacteria in fermented milks formulated with citrus fibers. Citrus fibers enhanced L. acidophilus CECT 903, and L. casei CECT 475 survival in MRS during refrigerated storage, whereas erratic results were obtained for B. bifidum CECT 870, OF enhanced its growth and LF had inhibitory effect. Populations of probiotic bacteria decreased with storage time in MRS broth. The presence of yogurt starter bacteria in probiotic fermented milks favored the growth and survival of L. acidophilus and B. bifidum. Citrus fiber presence in fermented milks also enhanced bacterial growth and survival of the tested probiotic bacteria. This study indicates that citrus fiber enriched fermented milk have good acceptability and are good vehicles for a variety of commercial probiotics but survival of B. bifidum will need to be improved.