催化裂化汽油质量升级方案选择

针对国内某炼厂催化裂化汽油质量升级需要,对比了降低催化汽油烯烃含量和硫含量的工艺技术,最终选用了CDTECH公司的催化蒸馏技术,该技术包含CDHydro、CDEthers、CDHDS和ISOMPLUS工艺,通过轻汽油醚化,部分中汽油重整,重汽油选择性加氢脱硫,降低了催化汽油烯烃和硫含量,提高了辛烷值,满足了全厂生产国IV标准汽油要求。     

褐煤提质技术浅析

褐煤因其热值低、含水量高、易风化自燃等特点,给其燃烧、运输、储存等方面带来了很多困难,如何实现褐煤的高效利用已成为亟待解决的问题。褐煤提质是指褐煤通过干燥或热解工艺降低水分、转化成具有烟煤性质的提质煤。提质技术已成为近年来褐煤应用方面的主要研究方向之一。     

Upgrading of a syngas mixture for pure hydrogen production in a Pd-Ag membrane reactor

Water gas shift (WGS) is a thermodynamics limited reaction and CO equilibrium conversion of a traditional reactor is furthermore reduced owing to the presence of H₂ (ca. 50%) in the feed stream coming from a reformer.The upgrading of a simulated reformate stream was experimentally investigated as a function of temperature (280-320 °C), feed pressure (up to 600 kPa), gas hourly space velocity (GHSV), etc. using a Pd-alloy membrane reactor (MR) packed with a commercial catalyst CuO/CeO₂/Al₂O₃; no sweep gas was used. The MR performance was also evaluated using new parameters such as conversion index, H₂ recovery and extraction index, etc., which evidence the advantages with respect to a traditional reactor.A Pd-based MR operated successfully overcoming the thermodynamic constraints of a traditional reactor and, specifically, the drawback introduced by the hydrogen presence. In fact, a CO conversion of 90% significantly exceeded (three times) the thermodynamics upper limit (<36%) of a traditional reactor owing to ca. 80% of hydrogen permeated through the membrane.The overall process performance was significantly improved by the presence of the Pd-based membrane and, thus, by the high reaction pressure which allowed and drove the hydrogen permeation.     

Pyrolysis oil upgrading by high pressure thermal treatment

High pressure thermal treatment (HPTT) is a new process developed by BTG and University of Twente with the potential to economically reduce the oxygen and water content of oil obtained by fast pyrolysis (pyrolysis oil), properties that currently complicate its co-processing in standard refineries. During the HPTT process, pyrolysis oil undergoes a phase split yielding a gas phase, an aqueous phase and an oil phase. In this study, HPTT experiments were carried out at different operating conditions in a continuous tubular reactor. Experimental results showed that, with increasing temperature and residence time, the release of gases (mainly CO₂) and the production of water increased, reducing the oxygen content of the oil phase and hence increasing the energy content (from 14.1 to 28.4 MJ/kg) having the temperature a larger effect when compared to the residence time. Using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), an increase of the molecular weight of the oil phase, probably due to polymerisation of the sugars present in pyrolysis oil, was observed. When water was added as solvent to dilute the feed oil, a decrease of the molecular weight of the resulting oil phase was observed. This indicated that the concentration of organic components had a direct effect on the formation of high molecular weight components. In conclusion, during HPTT an oil with lower oxygen and water content with higher energy value was produced, but adverse formation of high molecular weight components was also detected.     

早期核电站仪控系统升级改造技术方案探讨

基于上世纪80年代初仪表和计算机技术的我国早期核电站仪表控制系统,当今已显露出其技术落后、硬件老化、备件采购困难的窘况,必须对其逐步实施升级改造。本文是。对早期核电站仪表控制系统实施数字化网络化改造的总体设想,分别从实施改造的背景、早期核电站仪控系统技术改造方案和核电站未来自动,七系统的典型架构等方面进行了较为深入的论述。     

前郭石化分公司柴油加氢装置工艺技术路线研究

前郭石化分公司柴油产品质量与国家新标准存在差距，主要原因是催化裂化柴油质量差，催化柴油必须经过加氢装置进行处理。根据企业实际生产情况，柴油加氢装置宜选择加氢精制、改质及临氢降凝三位一体的工艺技术路线，这样既能满足提高柴油产品质量的要求，又能生产经济效益比较好的低凝柴油。     

活性炭海绵动态膜生物反应器用于污水处理提标改造中试研究

自行设计研发了以活性炭海绵作为膜基材的动态膜生物反应器,为污水处理的提标排放及资源化利用提供了科学依据及实际参考价值.详细考察了该反应器对污染物的去除效果和运行特性,通过和现有污水处理厂处理效果比较,探索活性炭海绵基材动态膜生物反应器用于城市污水提标改造的可行性.结果表明,在水力停留时间8h、污泥浓度8 000 mg/L的条件下,活性炭海绵动态膜生物反应器出水COD、NH3-N、TN和TP浓度分别≤35.0 mg/L、≤1.4 mg/L、≤10.2 mg/L和≤0.3 mg/L,出水达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》GB18918-2002一级A标准.活性炭的吸附性能和海绵的空间结构特征协同作用强化了系统对污染物的去除效果,活性炭海绵动态膜生物反应器可完全取代现有污水厂深度处理工艺应用于提标改造.曝气反冲洗可有效减缓出水通量下降,使系统出水通量稳定在30 L/（m2· h）左右.     

Kinetic studies on extra heavy crude oil upgrading using nanocatalysts by applying CFD techniques

Regarding the growth of global energy consumption and the paucity of light crude oil,extracting and using heavy and extra heavy crude oil has received much more attention,but the application of this kind ofoil is complicated due to its very high molecular weight.High viscosity and low flowability complicate the transportation of heavy and extra heavy crude oil.Accordingly,it is essential to reduce the viscosity of heavy and extra heavy crude oil through in-situ operations or immediate actions after extraction to reduce costs.Numerical simulations are influential methods,because they reduce calculation time and costs.In this study,the cracking of extra heavy crude oil using computational fluid dynamics is simulated,and a unique kinetic model is proposed based on experimental procedures to predict the behavior of extra heavy crude oil cracking reaction.Moreover,the hydrodynamics and heat transfer of the system and influence of nanocatalysts and temperature on the upgrading of crude oil are studied.The geometry of a reactor is produced using commercial software,and some experiments are performed to examine the validity and accuracy of the numerical results.The findings reveal that there is a good agreement between the numerical and experimental results.Furthermore,to investigate the main factors affecting the process,sensitivity analysis is adopted.Results show that type of catalyst and concentration of catalyst are the parameters that influence the viscosity reduction of extra heavy crude oil the most.The findings further revealed that when using a 25 nm SiO2 nanocatalyst,a maximum viscosity reduction of 98.67％ is observed at 623 K.Also,a catalyst concentration of 2.28wt％ is best for upgrading extra heavy crude oil.The results obtained through sensitivity analysis,simulation model,and experiments represent effectual information for the design and development of high performance upgrading processes for energy applications.     

污水处理厂工艺模型的开发及工程应用

以Biowin软件为模拟平台,利用补充的实测数据(如μmax,20和溶解氧)对初步校正的模型进行了二次校正,并利用历史数据对二次校正后的模型进行了验证,结果显示模拟效果更加可靠。然后,使用经校正和验证的模型以高明污水处理厂满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)出水一级B升级到一级A为目标进行了升级改造的策略分析,通过对内回流比、外回流量、泥龄、溶解氧等单因素分析出水达标的可行性。利用这些因素的敏感性确定了一个最优的组合方案,并针对高效生物除磷前提下的化学除磷效果进行了探讨。     

国外污水处理厂改造工程实例分析

对国外4座污水处理厂改造工程实例进行了分析研究,通过对原有工艺流程改造,部分单元采用新技术、新工艺,调整工艺参数等改造方案,在充分利用原有污水处理设施的前提下,满足了处理水量增加或水质标准提高的要求.