尿中DTPA含量的测定

本文介绍了尿中DAPA含量的测定方法,研究了酸度、干扰离子和尿液用活性炭脱色后对测定的影响。当 DTPA 加入量为110μg 时,回收率为100.9%,精密度优于±2%。取样体积5mL 时,方法探测下限为1.2μg/mL。     

吸入铀化合物的内照射剂量估算

本文研究了单次吸入和连续均匀吸入铀化合物时,肺负荷、体负荷及尿铀排出速率与吸入量的关系。结果表明:(1)对于单次吸入,吸入物质从呼吸系统近乎全部清除的时间,对 D 类约为10天,W 类约为3年。吸入的 Y 类物质,一部分可能长期留在肺淋巴结内,肺负荷最终将趋于恒定。(2)连续均匀吸入铀化合物一段时间后,赖于化合物的吸入分类及吸入物质的 AMAD,肺负荷和尿铀排出速率将分别达到某个平衡值。(3)对于 D 类化合物的上述两种吸入类型以及连续均匀吸入 W 类化合物一年后,体负荷和尿铀排出速率与吸入物质的 AMAD 关系不大。(4)连续均匀吸入各种 AMAD 的 D,W 类化合物一段时间后,体负荷与吸入时间的关系可用幂函数表示。最后,讨论了吸入铀化合物的内照射剂量的估算方法。     

Exposure to Urine of Canids and Felids, but not of Herbivores, Induces Defensive Behavior in Laboratory Rats

Predator odors induce defensive behavior in many prey species. For various reasons, studies carried out up to now have been unable to establish whether predator odor recognition is innate or not. Mostly, only particular odors or wild-living (i.e., experienced) test animals have been used in these studies, restricting the conclusiveness of the observations. In the present study, the behavioral effects of exposure to different predator odors on predator odor-naive laboratory male rats were compared with the effects of different nonpredator odors and of a no-odor control stimulus. Results show that exposure to urine of canids and felids, but not of herbivores or conspecifics, induce defensive behaviors. Taken together, the study provides support for the hypothesis that there is an innate recognition of predator odors in laboratory rats.     

Comparative Analysis of Volatile Constituents from Mice and their Urine

We report the volatile composition of the body scent of male C57BL/6J mice in comparison to the volatile composition of their urine. From a total of 67 components, nitromethane, propanoic acid, dimethyldisulfide, 1-octene, 1-hexanol, hexanoic acid, indole, α- and β-farnesene, and one unidentified component were observed only in the volatiles from the body of mice. On the other hand, 3-penten-2-one, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, 3-methyl-cyclopentanone, p-xylene, 3-hepten-2-one, 2,3-dehydro-exo-brevicomin, benzylmethylketone, and 13 unidentified components were only found in urine volatiles. All other substances were present in the volatiles of both mice and their urine. Aliphatic aldehydes from pentanal to decanal were prominent mouse odor components. Because receptors for these aldehydes have been extensively characterized in the main olfactory organ, these components may be important for mice in recognizing their conspecifics.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

Scaling up self-stratifying supercapacitive microbial fuel cell

Self-stratifying microbial fuel cells with three different electrodes sizes and volumes were operated in supercapacitive mode. As the electrodes size increased, the equivalent series resistance decreased, and the overall power was enhanced (small: ESR = 7.2 Ω and P_max = 13 mW; large: ESR = 4.2 Ω and P_max = 22 mW). Power density referred to cathode geometric surface area and displacement volume of the electrolyte in the reactors. With regards to the electrode wet surface area, the large size electrodes (L-MFC) displayed the lowest power density (460 μW cm⁻²) whilst the small and medium size electrodes (S-MFC, M-MFC) showed higher densities (668 μW cm⁻² and 633 μW cm⁻², respectively). With regard to the volumetric power densities the S-MFC, the M-MFC and the L-MFC had similar values (264 μW mL⁻¹, 265 μW mL⁻¹ and 249 μW cm⁻¹, respectively). Power density normalised in terms of carbon weight utilised for fabricating MFC cathodes-electrodes showed high output for smaller electrode size MFC (5811 μW g⁻¹-C- and 3270 μW g⁻¹-C- for the S-MFC and L-MFC, respectively) due to the fact that electrodes were optimised for MFC operations and not supercapacitive discharges. Apparent capacitance was high at lower current pulses suggesting high faradaic contribution. The electrostatic contribution detected at high current pulses was quite low. The results obtained give rise to important possibilities of performance improvements by optimising the device design and the electrode fabrication.     

婴幼儿用纸尿裤(片)及隔尿垫巾中荧光增白剂的研究

总结了婴儿纸尿裤(片/垫)和隔尿垫巾的相关标准,通过不同方法方式对婴儿纸尿裤(片/垫)和隔尿垫巾中荧光增白剂进行研究,结果发现有部分婴儿纸尿裤(片/垫)和隔尿垫巾有荧光现象;隔尿垫巾通过擦拭和尿液浸泡时发现荧光迁移的现象;并且检出FWA393(4,4’-双(苯并噁唑-2-基)二苯乙烯)和FWA1842,2’-(2,5-二苯基硫代)双[5-(1,1-二甲基乙基)苯并噁唑])两种荧光增白剂,且大部分的检出值较高。婴幼儿纸尿裤/片、隔尿垫巾等产品其使用对象为免疫系统未发育完善、皮肤较为薄弱且社会关注度极高的婴幼儿,且使用部位非常敏感,该类产品中荧光增白剂含量如此之高应引起有关部门的关注。     

Mice Respond Differently to Urine and Its Major Volatile Constituents from Male and Female Ferrets

Our previous chemical investigation showed that the concentrations of urinary volatiles from males were much higher than those from females in the ferret (Mustela furo). The current study was designed to examine the behavioral significance and ecological relevance of this difference for one of the main prey of the ferret, the house mouse (Mus musculus). Our data showed that male mice displayed no difference in their response to raw male and female ferret urine. However, they showed significantly less response to female mouse urine mixed with ferret urine than to pure female mouse urine, and to female mouse urine mixed with male ferret urine than to female mouse urine mixed with female ferret urine. Furthermore, high levels of the three major volatiles (quinoline, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, and 4-hepatanone) in male ferret urine were as effective as raw male ferret urine was in inhibiting the response of male mice. We discuss the ecological and behavioral significance of these findings in terms of chemical mimicry and cognitive feature extraction of predator odors in mice.     

用直接液闪法测定尿氚浓度

本文介绍了液闪直接测定尿氚浓度的方法。研究了采样器皿,存放方式和存放时间对测量结果的影响,同时还对直接测量法和氧化蒸馏法进行了比较。结果表明,尿氚直接测量去经济,简便,可满足核电站辐射工作人员尿氚浓度测定的要求;与氧化蒸馏法测定结果比较没有明显差异。     

Electricity and catholyte production from ceramic MFCs treating urine

The use of ceramics as low cost membrane materials for Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) has gained increasing interest, due to improved performance levels in terms of power and catholyte production. The catholyte production in ceramic MFCs can be attributed to a combination of water or hydrogen peroxide formation from the oxygen reduction reaction in the cathode, water diffusion and electroosmotic drag through the ion exchange membrane. This study aims to evaluate, for the first time, the effect of ceramic wall/membrane thickness, in terms of power, as well as catholyte production from MFCs using urine as a feedstock. Cylindrical MFCs were assembled with fine fire clay of different thicknesses (2.5, 5 and 10 mm) as structural and membrane materials. The power generated increased when the membrane thickness decreased, reaching 2.1 ± 0.19 mW per single MFC (2.5 mm), which was 50% higher than that from the MFCs with the thickest membrane (10 mm). The amount of catholyte collected also decreased with the wall thickness, whereas the pH increased. Evidence shows that the catholyte composition varies with the wall thickness of the ceramic membrane. The possibility of producing different quality of catholyte from urine opens a new field of study in water reuse and resource recovery for practical implementation.     

Contribution to explanation of the effect of supplemented creatine in human metabolism

Simple voltammetric determination of thiodiglycolic acid (TDGA) offers the possibility to follow individual deviations in metabolism of thiocompounds and one-carbon (1c) and two-carbon (2c) units, which take part in endogenous synthesis of creatine (CR). In three groups of young men the levels of TDGA in urine were followed after application of CR given as food supplement in 5 g daily doses. In the first group (7 men) it was found that the level of TDGA increased independently of the day time of application of CR. In the second group (9 men) the level of TDGA increased within an interval of 3–8.5 h after CR application and then dropped during 2 h to the normal level (20 mg L⁻¹). In the third group (11 men), in 4 days’ study the effects of CR were compared in alternation to vitamin B₁₂. Vitamin B₁₂ was given in the evening of the 1st and 3rd day and CR in the morning of the 3rd and 4th day. CR increased the excretion of TDGA in all men, while B₁₂ only in four men independently of CR application.