5-硝基愈长木酚的合成

5-硝基愈创木酚作为高效、低毒植物调节剂,一直倍受关注.它的合成目前主要采用愈创木酚硝化法,以发烟硝酸和冰醋酸混酸做硝化剂.本文由愈创木酚为起始原料,经酚酯化、硝化、水解等步骤合成了5-硝基愈刨木酚.酚酯化采用碱催化法,收率可达96%以上;硝化反应则采用乙酸酐和硝酸混合物为硝化剂.5-硝基愈创木酚最高收率可达到91%.     

脂肪酸甲酯处理含苯胺工业废水

采用正交实验设计研究了用脂肪酸甲酯处理工业苯胺废水的条件。实验表明:在影响苯胺废水萃取效果的诸因素中,影响大小的顺序为pH值、油水相比、溶液初始浓度和温度。在pH值=7,油水相比为2∶1,20℃的最佳萃取条件下,高浓度苯胺废水经萃取剂脂肪酸甲酯三级萃取后,苯胺去除率达99.98%。     

红色基RL的合成工艺改进

详细研究了红色基RL(对硝基邻甲苯胺,简称RL)的合成工艺,对传统的合成工艺进行了改进,通过用乙酐作氨基保护试剂,混酸硝化,酸性水解等分步操作合成了RL。与传统方法相比,采用乙酐作氨基保护试剂,高温酰化,减少了乙酐用量;用混酸硝化,增强了硝化能力,提高了收率。分别研究了乙酐用量、反应时间、反应温度以及混酸配比对RL收率及熔点的影响规律,得到了反应的较佳条件。采用乙酐酰化分步合成法,RL总收率为56·4%(以邻甲苯胺计),氨基值为91·26%。     

Sorption,diffusion, and swelling characteristics of sodium alginate and its blend membranes with poly(vinyl alcohol) in water–acetic acid mixtures

Sorption, diffusion, and swelling characteristics of sodium alginate and its blend membranes with poly(vinyl alcohol) were investigated for water–acetic acid mixtures by using a gravimetric method at 30, 40, and 50°C. The membranes were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared techniques. Concentration‐independent diffusion coefficients were obtained by applying Fick's relationship before completion of equilibrium sorption. Permeation coefficients were calculated from sorption and diffusion coefficients. Concentration profiles of liquids were computed considering the sheet geometry for the membrane by solving Fick's equation under suitable boundary conditions. Arrhenius activation parameters were computed for the transport processes. Experimental results and calculated quantities were discussed to understand membrane–solvent interactions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1139–1150, 2004     

二乙酸亚碘酰苯及羟基对甲苯磺酰氧碘基苯的合成研究

通过碘化苯直接与 2 6 %～ 30 %的过氧化氢溶液和醋酸酐反应 ,合成了二乙酸亚碘酰苯 ,该反应避免直接使用较高浓度的过乙酸 ,且操作简单方便 ,产物收率较好 ,纯度高。同时也可不必分离出二乙酸亚碘酰苯直接加入对甲苯磺酸反应 ,得到羟基对甲苯磺酰氧碘基苯。     

Synthesis of Biodiesel from Soybean Oil using Heterogeneous KF/ZnO Catalyst

Biodiesel was produced by transesterification of soybean oil with methanol using ZnO loaded with KF as a solid base catalyst. It was found that the catalyst with 15 wt.% KF loading and calcined at 873 K showed the optimum activity. XRD, IR and Hammett indicator method were employed for the catalyst characterization. The results showed the activity of the catalysts was correlated with their basicity. The influence of various reaction variables on the conversion was also discussed.     

羰基化法合成氨基甲酸酯催化剂的研究进展

对氧化羰基化法、还原羰基化法及氧化还原羰基化法3种羰基化合成氨基甲酸酯方法中催化剂的研究进展进行了综述,其中着重讨论了各种配体及助剂对催化剂活性的影响。指出今后的研究应集中在寻找高效、价廉及可重复使用的催化体系或对高效的均相催化体系进行负载化以及研究多相催化体系的催化机理。     

Self-emulsifiable soybean oil phosphate ester polyols for low-VOC corrosion resistant coatings

A series of soybean oil phosphate ester polyols (SOPEP) was prepared by reaction of fully epoxidized soybean oil with phosphoric acid and simultanoeous hydrolysis in the presence of a polar solvent. The polyols were characterized by determination of acid value, oxirane number, hydroxyl value, molecular weight (GPC), and FTIR spectra. These polyols with varying amounts of acid phosphate groups could be self-emulsified to form aqueous dispersions after neutralization with organic base. These aqueous dispersion showed varying degrees of stability and their appearance ranged from opaque dispersions to translucent to clear solutions. Waterborne coating compositions were prepared using these aqueous dispersions as principal components and their thermally cured film properties were studied. it was found that by careful selection and formulation, SOPEPs can be successfully used for low-VOC waterborne coating formulations. SOPEPs with 3.5% phosphate ester content showed visibly superior corrosion resistance properties.     

Transient testing of soy methyl ester fuels in an indirect injection,compression ignition engine

An evaluation of the exhaust emissions from a compression ignition engine for fuels composed of 100 and 30% methyl esters of soy oil (SME) is described. These fuels were compared with a low-sulfur, petroleum #2 diesel fuel in a Caterpillar 3304, prechamber, 75 kW diesel engine, operated over heavy- and light-duty transient test cycles developed by the United States Bureau of Mines. More than 60 h of testing was performed on each fuel. The objective was to determine the influence of the fuels upon diesel particulate matter (DPM) and gaseous emissions. The effect of a modern diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) also was determined in an effort to minimize emissions. Neat SME produced a higher volatile fraction of the DPM, but much less carbon soot fraction, leading to overall DPM reductions of 23 to 30% for the light- and heavy-duty transients. The DOC further reduced the volatile fraction and the total DPM. The SME fuel reduced gaseous emissions of CO by 23% and hydrocarbons by over 30% without increasing NO_x. The DOC further reduced CO and hydrocarbon levels. Mutagenicity of the SME exhaust was low. Results indicate that SME fuel, used with a proper DOC, may be a feasible emission reduction technology for underground mines. References to specific products do not imply endorsement by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, a now defunct agency.     

Enzymatic production of alkyl esters through alcoholysis: A critical evaluation of lipases and alcohols

This paper focuses on a detailed evaluation of commercially available immobilized lipases and simple monohydric alcohols for the production of alkyl esters from sunflower oil by enzymatic alcoholysis. Six lipases were tested with seven alcohols, including straight and branched-chain primary and secondary alcohols. The reactions were conducted in a batch stirred reaction vessel using stoichiometric amounts of substrates under solvent-free conditions. Dramatic differences in alcoholysis performance were observed among the different lipases. For most of the alcohols, Novozym 435 produced the highest yield of FA alkyl esters, with yields well over 90% for methanol, absolute ethanol, and 1-propanol. Overall, 96% ethanol was the preferred alcohol for all lipases except Novozym 435, and ethanolysis reactions reached the maximal conversion efficiency. Increasing the water content in the system resulted in an increased degree of conversion for all lipases except Novozym 435. The secondary alcohol 2-propanol significantly reduced the alcoholysis reaction with all lipases; however, the branch-chain isobutanol was more advantageous than linear 1-butanol for Novozym 435, Lipozyme RMIM, and Lipase PS-C. Many commercial immobilized lipases are highly efficient and promising for the production of alkyl esters, offering high reaction yields and a simple operation process.