驱油用抗盐聚合物KYPAM的应用性能

新研制并已投入工业生产的驱油用抗盐聚合物KYPAM，为具有梳形分子结构的超高分子量的AM／AHPE共聚物（共聚单体AHPE结构未知）。按大庆企业标准《驱油用聚丙烯酰胺》的规定测定6项质量指标，KYPAM均优于大庆2B838和日本三菱MO－4000；在矿化度为1000－19334mg/L的大庆（45℃），胜利（70℃，80℃）5种清水，污水中，1000mg/L的KYPAM溶液的粘度较对比超高分子量HPAM高30％－40％；在不脱氧180小时溶液老化测试中，KYPAM粘度保持率最高，KYPAM溶液45℃剪切稳定性略高于2B838和MO－4000溶液；KYPAM在3种水中的增粘性能（粘浓曲线，45℃和70℃）均远好于2B838和MO－4000。在70℃岩心驱油实验中，KYPAM污水溶液提高水驱后采收的幅度，阻力系数和残余阻力系数均高于英国胶体公司的HPAM1285清水溶液。     

SPan80-Tween60/白油/丙烯酰胺/丙烯酸钠/H2O体系形成反相微乳液的研究

采用电导法和相体积法相结合，并借助相图、黏度、光学显微镜，研究了Span80-Tween60／白油／丙烯酰胺／丙烯酸钠／H2O体系形成反相微乳液的过程，以及表面活性剂Span80与Tween60质量比、温度、乙酸钠对体系形成反相微乳液区的影响。结果表明，体系中表面活性剂质量分数小于20％时，电导法与相体积法确定的反相微乳液区边界基本一致；表面活性剂质量分数大于20％时，两方法确定的反相微乳液区边界相差甚远。说明仅由电导率突变不能准确确定反相微乳液区的边界，必须与相体积法相结合来共同确定相区的边界。当质量比m(Span80)：m(Tween60)=13：7、温度为25～30℃、乙酸钠质量分数为2％时，体系能形成比较大的反相微乳液区，适合进行微乳液聚合。     

Acrylamide Neurotoxicity as a Possible Factor Responsible for Inflammation in the Cholinergic Nervous System

Acrylamide (ACR) is a chemical compound that exhibits neurotoxic and genotoxic effects. It causes neurological symptoms such as tremors, general weakness, numbness, tingling in the limbs or ataxia. Numerous scientific studies show the effect of ACR on nerve endings and its close connection with the cholinergic system. The cholinergic system is part of the autonomic nervous system that regulates higher cortical functions related to memory, learning, concentration and attention. Within the cholinergic system, there are cholinergic neurons, anatomical cholinergic structures, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and cholinergic receptors. Some scientific reports suggest a negative effect of ACR on the cholinergic system and inflammatory reactions within the body. The aim of the study was to review the current state of knowledge on the influence of acrylamide on the cholinergic system and to evaluate its possible effect on inflammatory processes. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) is a neuroimmunomodulatory pathway that is located in the blood and mucous membranes. The role of CAP is to stop the inflammatory response in the appropriate moment. It prevents the synthesis and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and ultimately regulates the local and systemic immune response. The cellular molecular mechanism for inhibiting cytokine synthesis is attributed to acetylcholine (ACh), the major vagal neurotransmitter, and the α7 nicotinic receptor (α7nAChR) subunit is a key receptor for the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. The combination of ACh with α7nAChR results in inhibition of the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The blood AChE is able to terminate the stimulation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway due to splitting ACh. Accordingly, cytokine production is essential for pathogen protection and tissue repair, but over-release of cytokines can lead to systemic inflammation, organ failure, and death. Inflammatory responses are precisely regulated to effectively protect against harmful stimuli. The central nervous system dynamically interacts with the immune system, modulating inflammation through the humoral and nervous pathways. The stress-induced rise in acetylcholine (ACh) level acts to ease the inflammatory response and restore homeostasis. This signaling process ends when ACh is hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE). There are many scientific reports indicating the harmful effects of ACR on AChE. Most of them indicate that ACR reduces the concentration and activity of AChE. Due to the neurotoxic effect of acrylamide, which is related to the disturbance of the secretion of neurotransmitters, and its influence on the disturbance of acetylcholinesterase activity, it can be concluded that it disturbs the normal inflammatory response.     

羧甲基纤维素与丙烯酰胺接枝共聚及共聚物的性能

研究了羧甲基纤维素-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚反应。优化反应条件为:单体浓度20%,引发剂用量300m g/L,初始温度40℃,初始pH值8。通过红外光谱分析、热分析、X射线衍射分析对接枝共聚物结构进行了验证,并对接枝共聚物特性黏数和大分子回旋半径进行了研究。实验得出接枝共聚物回旋半径随聚丙烯酰胺回旋半径与羧甲基纤维素回旋半径变化的关系式,同时证明接枝共聚物在特性黏数、抗温及抗盐性质方面均优于羧甲基纤维素和聚丙烯酰胺。     

Occurrence and risk assessment of mycotoxins,acrylamide, and furan in Latvian beer

This work reports data on the occurrence of nine mycotoxins and two food processing contaminants – acrylamide and furan – in a total of 100 beers produced in Latvia. Mycotoxins were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry, acrylamide by HPLC coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry, and furan by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The most frequently occurring mycotoxins were HT-2 and deoxynivalenol (DON), which were detected in 52% and 51% of the analysed samples. The highest content was observed for DON, reaching the maximum of 248 µg kg^?1. Furan was ubiquitous, and 74% of the samples contained acrylamide. In terms of the estimated exposure, the biggest potential risk was identified for HT-2 representing more than 11% of tolerable weekly intake. The margin of exposure approach indicated the exposure to furan through beer as significant, this parameter being close to the critical limit.     

Synthesis of lignosulfonate-acrylamide-dimethyldiallylammonium chloride copolymer and its flocculation performance

In this work, lignosulfonate-acrylamide-dimethyldiallylammonium chloride (LAD) terpolymer was designed and synthesized by microwave-assisted graft polymerization. The optimal synthetic process was obtained as follows: the monomer ratio was 1:4:4, the amount of initiator was 0.9% (w/w), the monomer solid content was 21 wt %, and the reaction time was 14 min with the microwave power of 280 W. Furthermore, the flocculation performance of LAD was verified by removing acid black-172 dye wastewater. At the LAD dosage of 350 mg L⁻¹, the maximum color removal ratio reached 99.8% in 100 mg L⁻¹ of dye wastewater. The dynamics of dye removal reached higher than 90% after 20 s. The flocculant can maintain color removal ratio more than 98% in a wide flocculant dosage and environmental pH. The flocculation mechanism was mainly electrical neutralization and bridging effect. In general, it is a promising candidate in wastewater treatment in terms of cost, synthetic method, and effectiveness. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137, 48560.     

One‐shot radical polymerization of vinyl monomers with different reactivity accompanying spontaneous delay of polymerization for the synthesis of double‐network hydrogels

Double‐network hydrogels were conveniently synthesized by the one‐shot radical polymerization of an ionic monomer for the first network and a non‐ionic monomer for the second network in the presence of crosslinkers by simultaneous addition of the monomers, that is, one‐shot and spontaneous two‐step polymerization accompanying the delay of polymerization of a second network monomer. We analyzed the polymerization process based on the conversion of each monomer during the reaction in the absence of crosslinkers. Then we fabricated the double‐network hydrogels using several polymerization systems consisting of a conjugated monomer and a non‐conjugated monomer in the presence of the dual crosslinkers. We analyzed the swelling, mechanical and viscoelastic properties of hydrogels synthesized by one‐shot radical polymerization to confirm the production mechanism and the network structure of the hydrogels. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry